Finding A Balance Between Healthcare And High School

Finding a Balance between Healthcare and High School The problem between physical fitness and high school is very clear. Learning how to better incorporate physical fitness in high school will set the tone and aid one for overall health in the future. Physical fitness is mandatory because the balance between health and high school will equal each other. â€Å"Regular physical activity is an essential component of personal and public health programs and is associated with reduced risk for specific health problems and lower all-cause mortality.† (Health 1). Physical fitness should be mandatory at the high school level because physical fitness eliminates a variety of health problems, improves academic performance, and decreases depression levels†¦show more content†¦With the lack of physical fitness that should be mandatory at a high school level, health problems arouse in many young adults. â€Å"World Health Organization numbers suggest that 80 percent of young adults globally may not be getting enough exercise.† (America 20). Health complications such as obesity should trigger young adults to want to exercise. â€Å"Obesity is the second leading preventable leading cause of death, but young adults still have problems with exercise, excessive weight gain, and cause of variety of health problems.† (America 1). Since obesity can be prevented, physical fitness will help decrease the chance of young adults becoming obese. Obesity is not the only preventable complication that comes into play when young adults do not exercise. With the lack of exercise, health problems such as diseases, cancers, and other health complications, create many health issues in young adults. Without fitness, It raises the implications for chronic disease, cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and predisposition to cancer, said Dr. William Dietz (Rosen 37) .While young adults are sitting in their classes, the 15-60 minutes per day demand is limited. â€Å"Time spent in physical education tends to drop off in high school† (Chandler 24). Taking physical education classes is just not enough time to consume the appropriate amount of exercise. Physical education classes were created to help young adults increase their physical fitness activity. With the lack of the

Essay on The Negative Consequences of Smoking - 886 Words

Statistics show that 400,000 people a year die due to smoking related problems. Experts have proven that smoking damages the lungs and kidneys, but people continue to smoke to relieve stress. This paper will expose the various ways that smoking can harm the people and environment. Everyone knows that smoking is bad, yet they still continue to do it. Consumers smoke for various reasons. Some smoke because they are stressed, unfulfilled, angry, and depressed. Smoking helps them to cope with their problems. The chemicals inside of smoking and its dependency are what make it bad. There are about 600 ingredients in a cigarette, and when it is ignited it creates more than 4,000 chemicals. There are about 70 chemicals that are poisonous. There is†¦show more content†¦When people are finished smoking, they dispose of their cigarettes in varying ways. Some dump them in the trash; like a civilized person should, but others just throw them on the ground. When this happens, the cigarettes are swept away into the sewers. Tobacco is not only detrimental to the air, but to the air too. When cigarette waste gets into the water in takes years for it to break completely down. â€Å"Approximately 5 million hectares (600 million trees) of forest are destroyed each year to provide trees to dry tobacco.† (Tobacco and the environment , 2013) On the hand, there are other alternatives to individuals who smoke. There are nicotine patches, nasal sprays, gums, and e-cigarettes. An e-cigarette is an alternative to regular tobacco cigarettes. They have batteries that let them inhale a mist or vapor, instead of the usual smoke. The battery inside of it charges a heating element called an â€Å"atomizer.† The atomizer uses the energy to heat the liquid in the cartridge. An e-cigarette is a healthier alternative than a regular cigarette. â€Å"To put into perspective an e-cigarette contains nearly the exact same trade levels of nitrosamines as the F.D.A approved nicotine patch, and about 1,300 times less nitrosamines than a Marlboro cigarette. (Cassa, 2011) Additionally, there haveShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Consequences Of Public Smoking1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative Consequences of Public Smoking Smoking is known to be one of the most dangerous medicine and can come with some seriously negative to one’s lungs. Research studies have shown that second- hand smoking can be equally as bad. According to the 1964 Surgeon General’s Report, â€Å"2.5 million adults who were nonsmokers died because they breathed secondhand smoke† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 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These reasons include: socializing, coping with emotions, parental influences, advertising, and for the thrill of risk taking behaviors. In consequence, many people are unaware of the negative aspects to smoking. Smoking not only affec ts the individual but has negative impacts on others that are around the smoker and the environment as well. In result of these harmful aspects of smoking, smoking should be banned in public places. Smoking shouldRead MoreAnti Tobacco Advertisements And Effects On Quitting Behavior : Results From The California Smokers Cohort940 Words   |  4 Pagestelevision advertisements with personal message can be recall by the person and have a greater impact on smoking cessation. The authors felt that this was an important topic to study because they were concern about the dangers of smoking tobacco. According to Leas et al. 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As of recent times due to the link smoking has with serious health issues, many advertisement have been made to make people aware of the dangers. In the advertisement â€Å"Smoking Kills† the hand that holds the cigarette is compared to that of a gun. Since a gun has a dangerous atmosphere

The Korean War Tactics and Logistics Free Essays

string(176) " a war that would turn out be the third bloodiest in their history \[†¦\] and which for Koreans themselves would prove the greatest catastrophe in their national history \(p\." The Second World War officially ended in the year 1945. It was a devastating war that many hoped that it should be fitting to end all wars and for a change give the world a breathing space, to be granted that very elusive peace. Yet, perhaps those who wished for a world in harmony after World War II may have underestimated mankind’s appetite of some leaders who wanted to be supreme rulers of the globe. We will write a custom essay sample on The Korean War: Tactics and Logistics or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, five years after the guns were silenced in the Great Theater of war in Europe, another dangerous conflict is brewing in Korea. Here, one can see a display of things to come because Vietnam and Afghanistan are still future events.  In the Korean War the world became witness to what happens when superpowers decide to play chess. Unfortunately, this game is not played the traditional way with wooden pieces and all. This time the chessboard is the Korean Peninsula and the pieces are either the native Koreans or imported as in soldiers coming in from all over the world. It is interesting to note that this is not a World War in the truest sense of the term, but the true players are global leaders who happened to confine their violent resolution in a specific location, Korea. The United States, Russia, North and South Korea, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and other Asian nations were participants in this war of attrition. The battle lines were drawn and it was named the 38th parallel. This allowed for a little bearing in a very confusing time, hoping to give a little bit of clarity in a very agitating situation. According to Carter Malkasian, â€Å"It was the only occasion in the Cold War when the military forces of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Soviet Union, and the USA (plus its Western allies) met in combat [†¦] Thus, the Korean War was not merely a war fought between proxies of the major powers, like the latter conflicts in Vietnam or Afghanistan, but a much more significant conflagration† (p. 7). This paper seeks to understand the Korean War. This can be done by looking at a brief historical background before the war and the events that added fuel to the tension between two Korean governments. Since the Korean War like many conflicts is so complicated this study focuses on tactics and logistics, and less on the historical figures that played a major role in this important period not only for Koreans but for Asians in particular and the world in general. Historical Background The Korean War was sometimes called the â€Å"Forgotten War† and this may be so because like Vietnam there are only a few people who understand its significance. Yet an â€Å"†¦outpouring of books, articles and film in the last decade as well as an impressive memorial on Washington, DC’s Mal (and the realization that) †¦it would be practically impossible to understand the Cold War†¦Ã¢â‚¬  have created a revival of interest on this subject (Sandler, p. 1).  The conflict in this area of the world does not surprise the experts and the grizzled veterans of war. In fact the professional soldier can easily read the undercurrent of history and be able to predict what will happen in the struggle for power and supremacy. This was eerily demonstrated by a seemingly prophetic Commodore Matthew Perry when he spoke these words in the year 1856, a century before the Korean War: The people of America will, in some form or other, extend their dominion and their power [†¦] upon the eastern shores of Asia. And I think too, that eastward and southward will her great Russian rival [†¦] The antagonistic exponents of freedom and absolutism must thus meet at last, and then will be fought that mighty battle on which the world will look with breathless interest; for on its issue will depend the freedom or the slavery of the world (as cited in Huston, p. 200). It boggles the mind of the average person when analyzing as to how Commodore Perry was able to ascertain his claims. What is more amazing is the accuracy of his predictions. It is like looking in a crystal ball and seeing very clearly what will happen. And indeed what Perry prophesied came to pass. Russia became a superpower and just like what the Commodore had said, the Russian government exerted tremendous influence over China. And of course his final statement about the necessity of a crucial war that will showcase the fight for freedom as opposed to absolutism was also played out just as he predicted. This can only mean that even before the first bullet crossed the 38th parallel, there are already forces at work even as far back as the late 19th century. Perry was able to read the signs and the saw the root cause of conflicts in this part of Asia. Yet it was only in the 1950s when the seed planted by those who wanted to control this region grew and blossomed into a passion that could only be satisfied with conquest. Blindsided Commodore Perry was praised here because of his foresight, a very important talent that a general should possess. If only the leaders of the free world in the 1950s were as gifted, then things would have turned out differently. But as fate would have it, from the U.S. and UN side was able anticipate what is going to happen. Either they were blindsided by the Communists or they were preoccupied by their paranoia. And that paranoia is brought about by the fear of being overrun by a westward move by the Union Soviet Socialist Republic. Stanley Sandler remarked on this and he wrote: A Soviet thrust into Western Europe seemed a far more threatening contingency than a possible dust-up between two unattractive regimes in a bleak former Japanese colony that most Americans could not find on a map. But Americans [†¦] would become acquainted with Korea in a war that would turn out be the third bloodiest in their history [†¦] and which for Koreans themselves would prove the greatest catastrophe in their national history (p. You read "The Korean War: Tactics and Logistics" in category "Essay examples" 2). First Blood It depends which side is asked. For the U.S. and UN Command, it was the North Koreans who drew first blood and attacked without warning nor any form of declaration of war. It seems that history is repeating itself once again for Americans just like in Pearl Harbor. But according to the communist-backed regime they were just retaliating from what the South has been doing for the past several months. The truth of the matter is that both sides were engaged in skirmishes that were serious prelude to war. Sandler asserts that it was an, â€Å"†¦armed conflict between the Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea and the Republic of South Korea, which had been conducting mutual border raids for more than a year† (p. 2).  At any rate the U.S. led forces were caught by surprise that fateful day of June 25, 1950. Even if they will deny it, it is now clear that the North were prepared to launch an attack and the offensive move was purely intentional. Buildup Kim Il Sung the de facto leader of the newly established North Korean Regime began to make plans to invade South Korea. This plan was of course made in secret but nevertheless in close coordination with Russia’s Stalin and China’s Mao Tse-tung. According to Allan Millett the origin of this plan can be traced back to a change in the policy of Kim Il Sung’s benefactor to communize the whole Korean Peninsula (p. 102). It seems that Russia is no longer contented with being kept in check by a ridiculous 38th parallel and would like very much to gobble the whole Korean Peninsula. â€Å"The Soviets, however, came to realize that the goal of communizing the entire peninsula could not be achieved through such limited tactics, and decided to resort to more violent means† (Millet, p. 102). In December of 1948 the Soviets made the first tactical move to befuddle the U.S. by withdrawing their troops unilaterally out of North Korea. Then the Russian government turned around and invited the top brass of North Korea and China’s military for a buildup. Millet bared that the troika agreed to â€Å"†¦build up the strength of the North Korea People’s Army (NKPA), around 6 shock divisions, 8 combat and 8 reserve divisions, and 2 armored divisions and to complete the war preparations within 18 months (i.e., by June 1950)† (p. 103). The NKPA was able to do all of these like clockwork revealing a tremendous level of preparedness and dangerous intent. Level of Preparedness While the NKPA was psychologically and physically prepared to engage in battle the ROK (Republic of Korea) army though prepared for future skirmishes and for another round of border raids was not truly ready for a full scale war. The South was not ready to face an enemy dead set in gobbling them up and desiring to unite the whole peninsula once again. It took at least five days after the initial offensive of NKPA for the U.S. to make a coherent response. â€Å"On June 30, US President Harry S. Truman authorized US ground forces to stop the North Korean attack† (Boose, p. 4). This led to losses in the early rounds of the fighting and led Boose to comment, â€Å"It was able to do little to delay the KPA, but additional forces were on the way† (p. 4). Aside from differing interests and the reasonably defective intelligence from the Western nations – or they would have known of an imminent attack – there is the psychological reason for being unprepared. Sandler made a comment why it was unlikely for the Korean Peninsula to be plunged into such a bloody conflict. And he wrote: In looking back (before World War II) †¦ it would be difficult to imagine a more homogeneous and united nation than Korea. [†¦] they are of the same culture with minor north-south variations throughout the peninsula, and the Korean language – Hangul – is universal. Korean cultural homogeneity can be illustrated in its place name, a source of confusion for non-Korean UN personnel throughout the war: Inchon/Ichon, Masan/Musan, Paengnyong/Pyongyan/Pyonggang Pyongchang, Taejon/Taechon, Pukchong/Pukchang†¦(p. 3). That and the eighteen month head start is creating a great advantage for the NKPA. In the end this advantage would create a stalemate and would result in the present division of Korea and the unexpected survival of this communist state even though its patron the great USSR had long been dismantled. NKPA Preparedness The North Korean and the communist forces were not only decisive and aggressive they were able to create a force enough to challenge U.S. and UN supremacy in the South. The book, â€Å"Communist Logistics in the Korean War† by Charles Shrader is an excellent source in getting an in-depth look at what happened on the other side. Too many times the victors or the presumed victors in the case of the Korean War are all too willing to gloss over their mistakes and hype their successes. The focal point of this book is the refutation of the myths perpetuated by the Americans and UN forces that were then passed on to people back home and unfortunately was taken in as gospel truth. Shrader asserts and this is quite a revelation: One of the more persistent myths of the Korean War is that North Korean and Chinese communist solders were able to subsist on a mere handful of rice per day obtained all their arms and ammunition from their enemies, and moved all supplies by animal cart or human porters. Although supply requirements of NKPA and CCF in Korea were amazingly low when compared to the requirements for equivalent UNC units, the Communist forces did generate substantial requirements for formal supply and transport forward of tremendous quantities of food, petroleum products, weapons, and ammunition (p. 89). The U.S. and UN led coalition were more technically advanced but this is not the most important thing in any given war. It is the level of preparedness that is important. That level of preparedness can only be gauged in relation to the environment where a battle will be waged. Let’s say for example that forces are slugging it out in a heavy-forested area with a very steep incline. No matter how sophisticated the military jeeps are, this kind of technology will be rendered effective. In another example where the passageway in a body of water is narrow and shallow no matter how technologically advanced the frigates are it would be foolish to attack using this route since one sunken vessel can immobilize the whole fleet. In other words tactics and logistics are the most important aspects to consider and not just technology. This is the bone of contention in Shrader’s books – the South Korean forces was wrong in thinking that they were technically superior. This led Shrader to remark that:  NKPA-CCF logistical doctrines and methods were characterized by flexibility and innovation, which allowed them to compensate for comparative lack of material resources and modern technology [†¦] NKPA and CCF logistical organizations were equally flexible and often exhibited great variation in form, strength, and equipment of the assigned service units (p. 25). What contributed well to the high level of preparedness by the NKPA – aside from the Soviet support of course – is the broad range of natural resources present in North Korea. This includes water, power, timber, rare strategic materials e.g. tungsten, zinc, graphite reserves, substantial iron ore deposits, copper, lead, cobalt, asbestos, molybdenum, nickel, gold and silver (Shrader, p. 60). This resulted to an almost miraculous surge in North Korea’s war time production of needed materiel that surpassed pre-1945 levels: 1) 166,000 tons of pig iron; 2) 144,000 tons of steel ingot; and 3) 116,000 tons of finished steel (Shrader, p. 61). Summing it all up the major source of military materiel came via USSR which supplied the NKPA with aircraft, tanks, vehicles, communications equipment, heavy artillery, and ammunition. In addition to that, a portion of their needs were supplied by third country suppliers (Shrader, p. 60).  Thus when the communist forces launched the initial attack in June of 1950 their combined forces produced the following massive force in the eve of the attack:  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦135,000 men in two corps comprising eight full-strength infantry divisions, two half-strength infantry divisions, an armored brigade, an independent infantry regiment, a motorcycle reconnaissance regiment, and five brigades of the Bo An Dae, or Border Constabulary (Shrader, p. 90). What is more amazing is the development of the NKPA forces after the 1950s. After suffering setbacks from the retaliatory attacks of the UN command, the NKPA in the middle of 1951 the â€Å"rebuild NKPA included 213,600 men in twenty-three infantry divisions, one mechanized division, one armored division, and two independent infantry brigades controlled by seven corps headquarters. NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at around 266,000 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades† (Shrader, p. 90). If this was not enough to give the South Koreans and its allies a full plate, the Chinese and the Soviets entered the fray in the guise of helping a beleaguered brother-in-arms. The forces supplied by the People’s Republic of China was more than enough to bring this regional level conflict into World War scale. The following data proves the serious intent of the communist bloc: By late November 1950 some 300,000 Chines Communist troops were in Korea: 180,000 in the six armies (eighteen divisions) of the XIIIth Army Group [†¦] 120,000 in the three armies (twelve divisions) of the IXth Army Group [†¦] on 1 July 1952, fify-one CCF divisions with some 540, 200 men manned the line across Korea from the west coast to the central Taebaek Range and were supported by about 10,000 Soviet and Soviet-bloc advisors and technicians (Shrader, p.90).  This is the extent of the level of North Korea’s preparedness and a sample of their resolve to win this war. ROK Preparedness Stanley Sandler in a few words was able to encapsulate the true state of South Korea’s forces before the attack by saying that June 25, 1950 was a Sunday and that fully one-half of the ROK Army was on leave (p. 48).  In the initial stage of the attack which was not at all done quietly and with any subtlety: heavy bombardment, followed by a blitzkrieg attack of some 150 Soviet-built T-34-85, 110 warplanes and a crossing of the 38th Parallel by a rampaging Korean People’s Army. Still there was an awfully delayed reaction to the events at hand. Sandler explained the reason for such a weak response due to the aforementioned soldiers who were on leave, the high number of civilian leaders who were out of the country and the mistaken notion that what just occurred was another border raid.  With regards to the presence of U.S. troops, Gordon Rottman lamented that fact that it was such in great shape a mere five years before the conflict and would have come handy in a time like this. But Rottman revealed that the U.S. government intentionally reduced its military strength not only in Korea but also in the Far East. Rottman comments on the closest source for help which are the forces stationed in Japan and he wrote: Tank companies stationed in Japan had only M24 light tanks as Japanese roads and bridges could not support heavier M4A3 and M26 tanks. M24s were no match for North Korean T-34s, one of the best tanks to appear in World War II. The divisions in Japan also lacked their reconnaissance, military police, and replacement companies [†¦] These divisions consisted of 12,500 to 13,600 troops rather than the full-strength 18,804 (p. 3). At first glance, South Korea does not stand a chance against the forces of Communism. Ironically, the same benefactor who gave NKPA a tactical and logistical advantage (USSR) became the source of their demise. Sensing that the North/South conflict is just a prelude for something bigger Russia’s enemies were banded together for a common cause, which is to prevent the USSR and Communism from expanding worldwide. This resulted in a pledge of commitment to provide support in a scale reminiscent of Word War II. When the NKPA was not able to achieve total victory, this gave the U.S. and UN led coalition to regroup and pose a decent defense of South Korea. Rottman expounded on this idea by saying that: The Korean War was to be the UN’s first commitment of armed forces to conduct and end a war [†¦] the UN called on all member nations to support the military effort in Korea. Fifty-three countries approved of armed action against North Korea: 15 committed ground combat forces, nine provided naval forces, six sent air force elements, and five contributed medical support, either military or civilian (p. 117). Bright Spot In general there is nothing that U.S. armed forces could be proud of in the Korean War. There was really no clear victor, no territory was gained and as mentioned earlier it was the third bloodiest in the history of war where casualties are at a significant high.  The only good thing that could be seen or learned from this incident is the demonstration of what bravery and commitment can do to an organization. Here one can also see the difference between a regular soldier in the U.S. Army as opposed to the brave and the few of the U.S. Marine Corp. Hugh Deane quoted Andrew Greer when describing the essence of being a marine, â€Å"In any small unit battle the outstanding behavior of a few men is always discernible over the others [†¦] The scale is tipped by a few – by the ten percent – who rise to the heights where the enemy and death can be met without a hesitant step† (p. 97). British historian Max Hastings remarked, â€Å"Most of the Eight Army fell apart as a fighting force in a fashion resembling the collapse of the French in 1940, the British in Singapore in 1942. But he reported the praiseworthy strong resistance of the U.S. Marines in the northeast† (as cited in Deane, p. 111). A particular example was raised by Deane when he commented on the enemy’s attack tactics that looked like suicide attempts characterized by sending small units that more often than not gets wiped out. This is followed by wave after wave of such small unit attacks against a selected point until a breakthrough is achieved and here comes the main force. This was effective in demoralizing troops. But according to Deane this would not work against the marines. â€Å"†¦but against the marines in the Northeast the results were often frustrating. The marines constructed strongly fortified outposts in the hilly-forested Chosin area and defended them fiercely with a good deal of success (p. 129). Conclusion Almost all wars are considered a waste of time, money, effort and lives of men. The Korean War was no exception. Considering the following statistics makes one shake hid head over the folly of war:  The North Korean armed forces lost approximately 600,000 men in the fighting, in addition to two million civilian casualties. The Chinese [†¦] an estimated 1 million casualties. Losses to the ROK are estimated at 70,000 killed, 150,000 wounded and 80,000 captured. One million South Korean civilians were killed or injured. The USA lost 33,600 men kiled nad 103,200 wounded (Malkasian, p. 88). What adds insult to injury is the futility of not having a clear victor, no territories were gained and nothing significant was achieved except perhaps for a few lessons in the book of tactics. The level of preparedness of both camps explained the reason for the stalemate. The South Korea side was backed up by a technologically superior U.S. and UN led coalition but it was not mentally prepared to wage this war. Almost every action done on the part of South Korea was mostly reactionary and defensive. Most importantly, the United States was treading on thin ice since a miscalculation and overkill can easily escalate the regional conflict into a global war. With the Second World War fresh from people’s minds there is no incentive to go full force. Although the NKPA was well prepared and very much flexible in their serious bid to unite the Korean Peninsula it does not have the technological edge to overpower the U.S. and UN forces. On a more important note, the attack on South Korea was a supposed to be a defensive act. Therefor the USSR could not be seen as fully involved and thus it can only work from the background.  That sums up the futility of this exercise but nevertheless it is a good prelude to understand the Cold War and the other similar conflicts that came after it like Vietnam and Afghanistan. References Deane, H. (1999). The Korean War. San Francisco, CA: China Books and Periodicals, Inc. Huston, J. A. (1988). Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War. New Jersey: Associated University Press. Malkasian, C. (2001). The Korean War. University Park, IL.: Osprey Publishing. Shrader, C. (1995). Communist Logistics in the Korean War. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Millet, A. R. (1997). The Korean War. Seoul: Korea Institute of Military History. Sandler, S. (1999). The Korean War: No Victors, No Vanquished. Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press. Rottman, G. (2002). Korean War Order of Battle. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.             How to cite The Korean War: Tactics and Logistics, Essay examples

Suitable Test Plan For Proposed Is System â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Suitable Test Plan For Proposed Is System? Answer: Introducation A test plan depicts a document which describes the scope, resources, how activities will be performed, the functionality which will be delivered and the schedule for the testing activities (Munassar Goverdhan, 2010). Similarly, it establishes the test items, the testing tasks and the persons responsible for each task, the features to be tested and the likely challenges and solutions (Lewis, 2016). This implies that these management are indispensable in any particular system test plan. The test plan will be structured in the following format as outlined below. Testing goals Testing process Roles and Responsibilities Environment Testing goals Purpose The scope of the test will fundamentally cover the functional and the non-functional aspects of the complete system. However, the non-functional aspects of the system will be immensely covered relative to the financial aspects. The non-functional requirement depicts those which are needed to have the system correctly functioning and they will include: security, backup, recovery, and concurrency. There are several chief expectations from this system test. Nevertheless, the most paramount ones include: to ensure satisfactory operation of the system and provide the management with the decision-making support required in planning, controlling and monitoring of the project (Myers, Sandler, Badgett, 2011). Testing deliverables The data that will be reported include that on the security status, recovery status, backup status and concurrency status of the system. This is because they are the primary test aspects in the system. Essentially, the conclusive testing results will be delivered in form of a printed report and presented to the top management by the testing team leader. This is after a prudent, holistic and comprehensive testing. Testing process Tests to be run The chief types of tests that will be run in this plan include: security testing, backup testing, recovery testing and concurrency testing. Each of these will be handled comprehensively based on the features of each of them (Agarwal, Tayal, Gupta, 2010). Security testing It is chiefly meant to protect the database from any possible unauthorized access either internally or externally (Hsu Huang, 2011). Essentially, this testing is aimed at establishing if the information system protects data and keeps the intended functionality. This testing will be seeking to validate six fundamental principles namely: integrity, confidentiality, authorization, authentication, non-repudiation, and availability. Backup testing This will seek to verify the capacity to back up the system. It involves the ability to replicate data and files in the system and storing it for future retrieval in case data is lost either by intention or unintentionally(Hsu Huang, 2011). This will be chief in the plan since it is the aspect that is crucial and central to the system. Recovery testing It will verify the restoration of the system`s database to a condition known to be accurate following a failure that had rendered it unreliable (Buse Zimmermann, 2012). It will evaluate the system`s ability to reliably and efficaciously retrieve data or files that may have been lost during its operation. Concurrency testing In this plan, it will seek to ensure that side-by-side processes do not obstruct each other. Such simultaneous processes include updates and queries. Similarly, it will be seeking to detect any defects in the system when multiple users are logged in. This will ensure that the system can properly run simultaneous processes without breaking down. Testing time schedule The testing will require quite a substantial amount of time to ensure it is comprehensive and accurate (McGregor, 2010). Since the system is a huge organization, the most suitable time schedule will be approximately 18 hours. This time frame will cover all the indispensable testing aspects in the system. Assumptions There are several central assumptions that have been made on this particular testing. According to (Davis Venkatesh, 2004), they include the following: The indispensable testing tools and the access to the tools is possible and will be offered to the test team There will be a workable test environment available for the test team for carrying out the testing The provided test environment will be similar to the production environment in both the software and hardware configurations The resources for the test team including the roles and responsibilities are accessible and dedicated to the test team Prerequisites There will be two essential testing which must be conducted prior to this test. These testing include: a system or integration testing and performance testing. The system testing is meant to ensure that all the components of the system are commendably functional and harmonious (Raymond Bergeron, 2008). On the other hand, performance testing will ensure that hardware and software components of the system are performing well. Criteria for success For this testing to be considered as fruitful, it has to meet some particular threshold. Essentially, this testing should ensure that the four testing is above par, that is, the system can run for over a year without facing problems about them. What to do when the test is successful The system will be closely monitored, adjusted and perpetually improved periodically. What to do when the test fails The system will be subjected to further development regarding those testing aspects. This will mainly involve the system developers. Roles and responsibilities The hierarchy in the system testing team will involve two levels namely: Test manager Test engineers The roles and responsibilities of the test manager are (Schwalbe, 2015): Defining the testing tasks and activities for the subordinates, that is, the test engineers or the testers. Checking whether the team has all the indispensable resources to carry out the testing activities Checking whether the testing is satisfactorily corresponding to the software development in the entire phases Prepare the status report testing activities Periodically updating the project manager about the progress of the testing activities The roles and responsibilities of the test engineers are (Schwalbe, 2015): Reading all the documents and comprehending what needs to be tested Deciding how the testing will be done based on the information in the above step Informing the test lead regarding what all the resources will be needed for the system testing Develop the necessary test cases and prioritize test activities Carry out the entire test case and report any defects Environment Setting up the appropriate test environment is highly necessary to ensure the success of the system testing. Any flaws in this level can be expensive in terms of additional costs and time (Peppard Ward, 2016). The needed hardware equipment The required hardware in this system testing includes: computers, scanners, handhelds, special printers, network cables and relevant documentation like installation guides, configuration manuals, reference documents and user manuals. The specific applications needed include: excel, word, operating system, a browser, SPSS, R and a network. Environmental and system security elements It is evidently overt that the test environment needs to be secure to ensure that everything in the testing plan goes on in a smooth manner and with minimum, if any, challenges in matters security (Fenton Bieman, 2014). Nevertheless, before setting up our test environment we will ensure that the test team has comprehensively, thoroughly and adequately understood the test requirements for the system. Some of the main security elements will include: Checking for the required hardware and software licenses Ascertaining the software versions Verifying the hardware and software configurations Browser firewalls Passwords Recommendations The present functionality of the IS System in the organization is quite commendable. However, there need to be some measures to be put in place to polish up the productivity and the effectiveness of the system. As such, the following are the suggested measures: The system admin should be facilitated by the organization in nursing that the system runs with minimal interruptions, if any. The system should incorporate all the other relevant departments of the organization. Regular updates should be done on the system. The users of the system in the organization should be adequately trained and inducted its operations There should be optimal use of the systems abilities and features References Agarwal, B., Tayal, P., Gupta, M. (2010). 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