EVIDENCED BASED PRACICE Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Prove BASED PRACICE - Literature survey Example Multicentre concentrate basically speaks to the exploration study that is arranged and is bolstered by different collaborating establishments. These establishments have been sorted out so as to evaluate factors alongside results inside a particular patient populace. There exist certain points of interest and deficiencies relating to the multicentre study. In such sort of study, evaluating the quantity of patient’s that would be required to direct the examination turns out to be very advantageous. This further helps with determining the key results that are persuading and are acknowledged at a more elevated level. In this article, this key term shows certain measure of significance. The article hovers around the conviction of the hazard factors relating to ‘Diabetic Neuropathic Foot Ulceration’. This is considered as multicentre study since prerequisite of patients’ number in the previously mentioned case is critical to have a top to bottom information about the issue. The advancements and instruments among others that have been actualized delineate the relationship of multicentre as the key term with the article. For example, â€Å"at pattern and at each resulting visit (weeks 13, 26, 39, and 52), a careful foot assessment was performed to decide nearness of a first or new ulcer† (Abbott and et. al., 1998). This guarantees the delineation of information mirrors the execution of multicentre study. The following key term can be considered as the prescient hazard factors. In the event of the prescient hazard factors, it alludes to the moment expectations that can be made relating to the pertinent issue. With regards to the prescient hazard factors, it tends to be attested that it may quicken the patient’s chance relating to the advancement of specific illnesses. In this article manages foot ulceration if there should arise an occurrence of diabetic neuropathy, the patients may build up any unfriendly conditions with respect to the treatment being given. Prescient hazard factor has been engaged with more noteworthy significance as a hunt term so as to infer the specific writing/article. It guarantees the different hazard conditions that may emerge under certain treatment measures (Lund Research Ltd, 2013). The whole article identified with ‘Diabetic Neuropathic Foot Ulceration’ manages this specific sickness. The target of the article is to explore the prognostic variables relating to the foot ulceration for the diabetic patients. In this manner, these viewpoints can be thought about as the key variables (Shaw and et. al., 2003). Watchwords Highlighted Within the Literature The catchphrases featured in the assessed article are Vibration Perception Threshold (VPT) and Michigan DPN. As per VPT, it is a type of measure that is applied in the fringe neuropathy identified with Type 1 diabetes. This measure has additionally been applied in this article to get the result identified with foot ulce ration inside the diabetic patients (Martin and et. al., 2013). The overall tests directed by the utilization of VPT are helpful in inferring the outcomes relating to foot ulceration. Michigan Diabetic Polyneuropathy (DPN) is another type of measure that is applied so as to determine

Adam Smith’s American Dream free essay sample

The Whybrow’s article â€Å"Adam Smith’s American Dream: of Desire and Debt† gives a basic survey of the American Dream applied to a contemporary society. The style of composing is account, however is firmly upheld by proof. The creator gives pertinent models, recommendations and contemplations worried to theme talked about. The article might be restrictively isolated into basic passages giving the general data about contemporary American culture and its issues; fundamental body calling attention profoundly issues with respect to Adam Smiths dream implying that individuals are exposed to make obligations; end giving summarizing of the material and author’s individual proposals. The article is helpful for understudies just as researchers and instructor as it gives intensive point by point assessment of the case with legitimate ends and proposals. (Whybrow 2006) In presentation the creator guarantees that a few Americans despite everything accept that no one can get well off in the nation, however there were numerous tale anecdotes about fortunate people who because of their dedicated, right running and wanted has made their blessing from heaven. We will compose a custom article test on Adam Smith’s American Dream or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page (Whybrow 2006) Whybrow says that such stories reflect endeavoring of numerous Americans to better living. Notwithstanding, a significant number of the fantasies are discolored. The creator characterizes the principle issue of the cutting edge business thinking about that organizations are excessively whimsical, distracted and they are just benefit driven. As indicated by the creator to be fruitful intends to resemble perform multiple tasks dynamo. It is summed up that American quick way of life is a genuine wellspring of tension, discouragements and disappointments as it is hard for normal individuals to endure. The creator describes American life to be loaded with uneasiness and discontent because of innovation improvement. For lion's share of Americans the existence these days is less palatable. As indicated by various studies directed it is shown that regardless of genuine monetary and political accomplishment of the nation, individuals  work longer possessing along these lines less energy for their families. The creator focuses additionally on American accomplishments, expressing that America is the most extravagant nation in the entire world, however the Americans cravings for materials things are extending. For instance, contemporary places of rich individuals appear to be church buildings and castles, though there are individuals who can’t bear the cost of any lodging in view of absence of cash. The creator underlines the genuine social disparity believing it to be a genuine hole among society layers. (Whybrow 2006) Whybrow affirms that American countries are in the â€Å"orgy of debt†. The family investment funds tumbled to zero implying that more individuals stay jobless. The article gives significant inquiries to discover what turns out badly and how the circumstance can be either changed or improved. It is clear that advertise society requires cash which requires work. Whybrow refers to financial analysts who contend that when an individual gets cash to make a buy, it is an objective demonstration. By and by, the creator doesn’t offer such perspective. It is proposed that American culture lead industrialized nation to an individual obligation. It implies that American customers are just survivors of corporate misuse. (Whybrow 2006) In any case, the creator finds the two clarifications referenced above inadequate. He affirms that by advancing cash individuals become subjugated to the working environment. They are detained by their fantasies, since want drives obligation. The circumstance might be changed if individuals understand that it is want, not need, drives them to cause obligation so as to remain the ideal material things. Want, as indicated by the creator, is a difficult issue of the cutting edge society. Individuals need to control their human impulses and to learn more neurobiology and history to have clear understanding what is going o with them. Adams Smith was a well known educator of good brain science who set out straightforward standards planned â€Å"the free the personal responsibility of the normal working man†. (Whybrow 2006) Smith’s compositions were probably going to be the rules of bedrock of the American financial achievement. Smith gave data how to get by in industrialist nation and to stay others conscious. The writer proposes that smith’s works are significant for understanding the developing inconvenience being experienced by American culture. It is conceded that Smith’s hypothesis depends generally on science of human conduct. All things considered Adam smith was the first to defend the human impulses and wants inside the financial structure. Whybrow refers to Smith contending that contemporary society is driven without anyone else love and personal circumstance to accomplish the ideal results. Most people are dedicated and brilliant ready to accomplish incredible social advantages. Smith states that it is simply the sense safeguarding. The fundamental supplement is the instinctual interest meaning the longing to investigate new places. Accomplishment of market society relies upon individuals’ popular governments and freedoms just as the opportunity of articulation. Adams summed up the keys to social upgrades proposing they were interest, personal responsibility, self-safeguarding, material gains and communicated aspirations. (Whybrow 2006) Whybrow accentuations that Smith’s thoughts were vital to the vision of the Founding Fathers. Thusly Smith’s thoughts discovered viable application in American country. It is inferred that American dream these days is altogether amplified by globalization forms, innovation improvements, however social great is given less consideration. The creator gives an end the way to accomplishment in contemporary America is gathering of material riches. It implies that American culture has assembled forceful entrepreneur framework and along these lines the general public has been significantly changed. (Whybrow 2006) References Whybrow, Peter. (2006). Adam Smith’s American Dream: of Desire and Debt. New York: The City University of New York.

The Poetry of Judith Wright Essay -- Judith Wright Poems compare Contr

The Poetry of Judith Wright Theoretical This report talks about the impacts of Australia just as the general effect on the verse of Judith Wright. It contains an assessment of both the procedures and the plot behind the sonnets Settlement Man, South of My Days and Eve to her Daughters just as a correlation between the three sonnets. Australia, as Wright⠡â ¦s country, has significantly affected the substance of her sonnets however references to English scenes are reliable just as general references to the all inclusive world. Eve to Her Daughters. ?     Poem Summary The sonnet  ¡Ã‚ ¥Eve to Her Daughters⠡â ¦ recounts unique sin and offers guidance to the ladies (her little girls) of today from Eve with respect to men. The main verse portrays the outcomes of the fall yet Eve⠡â ¦s acknowledgment of it. The second and third verses depict Adam⠡â ¦s insubordination to the discipline and the  ¡Ã‚ §insult ¡K the stunt They had played on us⠡â ¨,  ¡Ã‚ ¥They ¡Ã‚ ¦ being God and Satan whom Adam has gathered as an assembled restriction. Adam was discontent with the new life and endeavored to fabricate another Eden and put God  ¡Ã¢ ¥out of business⠡â ¦. The third and fourth refrains enlighten the crowd concerning Adam⠡â ¦s endeavor to see how the world functions and to invalidate God⠡â ¦s presence. In his mission to unwind all that he concludes that on the off chance that it  ¡Ã¢ §cannot be shown [it] doesn't exist⠡â ¨. In this procedure he demonstrates that people themselves can't exist and  ¡Ã¢ §refuses to acknowledge the conclusion⠡â ¨. The finish of the sonnet is in a wry tone as a last message to Eve⠡â ¦s  ¡Ã¢ ¥daughters⠡â ¦ that everyone has shortcomings and they generally work out. She proposes that Adam is too difficult to even consider accepting this and through this he has transformed himself into an unclear mystery that  ¡Ã¢ §doesn⠡â ¦t exist.⠡â ¨ ?     Universal References The scriptural references to Eve, Adam, Abel and Cain, just as God and Satan are not connected to Judith Wright⠡â ¦s country or any nation specifically however specifically her Christian childhood. The sonnet reflects women's activist thoughts the same number of her sonnets do and furthermore energize thought by including concealed inquiries inside the sonnet to challenge her crowd. In the third verse there is referenced various standards that cutting edge individuals are taking a stab at, for example,  ¡Ã¢ §multiplied open doors for safe speculation and higher education⠡â ¨ just as trend setting innovations and interchanges. This refrain has ... ...  Australian References The absolute first line of  ¡Ã‚ §South of my Days⠡â ¨ reveals to us that the sonnet is about Australia as it is Judith Wright⠡â ¦s home nation ( ¡Ã¢ §part of my blood⠡â ¦s country⠡â ¨). The  ¡Ã¢ §tableland⠡â ¨ depicted in lines 2 and 3 are particularly Australian just as the trees referenced in line 4. In verse 2 the utilization of the word  ¡Ã¢ §yarn⠡â ¨ is additionally Australian. Verse 3 is one of  ¡Ã‚ §Old Dan⠡â ¦s⠡â ¨ tales about a dairy cattle assemble, another particular Australian reference particularly with the consideration of a dry season referenced and the Hunter Valley. Verse 4 is another story containing references to specific places, for example, Tamworth and the Bogongs, just as explicit references to Australian legends, for example, the Cobb and Co. mail administration and Captain Thunderbolt the bushranger, which are all particularly Australian. End The harmony among Australia and the widespread in the verse of Judith Wright is genuinely despite the fact that it leans more towards Australian verse. The fundamental references in her verse are towards England, Australia and the Bible, all of which she had grown up with and had clear solid effects on her. The adoration for her nation Australia is obvious in a considerable lot of her sonnets.

International Trade and Competition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Universal Trade and Competition - Essay Example In this manner associations normally choose to globalize their activities when they predict an adequate benefit in allocating their restricted assets to outside market(s) higher than the normal pace of come back from other promoting choices. iii) The expense of entering the market. Cost might be money related, time, vitality or mystic expenses and may emerge because of contrasts in culture and worth frameworks making the item and adjustment cost amazingly high, because of the separation, because of high tax collection required by the outside governments and burden of monotonous guidelines and strategies by the legislature of a nation in this manner making high section boundaries. Nations may contrast on their market engaging quality, section obstructions, closeness, culture, rules and guidelines and hazard factors subsequently a similar association may need to utilize diverse passage and activity systems for various nations, additionally the administration approaches in a similar nation might be distinctive for various ventures and a few items and henceforth the methodologies must be shifted likewise . Associations vary in their vision, crucial, intensity (qualities and shortcomings), assets and thus the techniques they receive to confront a specific showcasing circumstance. Anyway considering a class of associations and the global promoting techniques embraced by them shows up at not many speculations. The leader needs to practice alert in choosing where to sum up and where to segregate while figuring techniques for the association s/he is

Q A

Q A In response to my latest entry on being in a fraternity: Leo asked: 1. How large are the individual rooms in a frat house(or in your case)? 2. Is it a expensive activity to pursue? My response: 1. While I cant honestly say Ive been to every house, Ive been to several, and the rooms are pretty large. Some FSILGs have anywhere from singles to quints, but normally everyone has ample space to live and enjoy. For example, my current room has 3 couches, 3 mini fridges, a 26 TV, and then some. 2. While this is speaking from personal experience, I think living in a fraternity is on par if not a little less expensive than living in a dorm. Anonymous asked: If I get financial aid from MIT, is there any way I can get some for the greek societies as well? My response: I dont know. I would ask Moneyman. Anonymous (2) asked: mit is a pretty hard and rigorous school, right? do u even have time for fraternity life? do they schedule their agenda around academics? i estimate that it is all about time management. My response: MIT is a pretty hard and rigorous school, but I find that you can make time for fraternity life still. I dont really see it as a requirement but something that I enjoy doing. Ive also found that being in a fraternity gives you access to a lot of upperclassmen who can help you with your classes, etc. Yes, a lot of it is all about time management. Feel free to keep asking questions, and Ill answer as I get them.

Mental Illness and Incarceration - Free Essay Example

This research paper will discover the mental illness, incarceration and the nature of the prisons in the United States. Mentally ill people are so many in the prisons and their numbers increases substantially. Currently, mentally ill people are crowded behind bars compared to in the mental hospitals. When criminals go to prison, they are usually mentally fit, but when their incarceration periods end, they develop the illness (Schizophrenic). This is due to the difficulty in adapting to the correctional system and the confinement. Schizophrenia causes the in ability to process thoughts and even emotion and makes the victim to act in a manner that is not appropriate. Those imprisoned when mentally ill, their conditions of living inside the prison worsens their situations. This is an important topic to research on because it will find out how the people who are mentally ill are over presented to the system of justice. I should therefore be allowed to pursue this research to understand the psychological effects of the solitary confinement and the crisis caused by high incarceration rates as well as the long prison sentences. In order to understand the effect of crime and mental illness, it is crucial to first now the nature of the lives in the prison. The rooms are small with improper hygiene. Staff is very minimal and of limited time. Also, with the other criminals, conversations are limited. Therefore, more time is spent in isolation. This isolation affects the mental illness and makes the offender dangerous. As mentioned earlier in the text, Torrey, et al, (2010), stated that, many mentally ill individuals are in prison than in the mental hospitals. Some of them obtain the illness from there. There may be an association between a criminal behavior and an illness, and this gives a better explanation on the reason why individuals indulge in criminal activities while others do not. Alternatively, the people suffering from a serious mental illness are overly presented and funneled disproportionally through the channels of the justice system of the criminals and end up in prison (Hartney, 2006). This research topic is important as it gives enlightenment on the impact of the prison arts workshop. Despite certain costs, some things should be offered in the prisons. The offenders who are mentally ill need special housing (Sigurdson, 2000). The purpose of the prisons is to punish unlike the treatment of the mental health facilities. However, in spite this; some correctional systems are trying this even without the required funding. Sigurdson (2000) further stated that, there are medical boards that give restricted licenses to people to cater for people in the correction units. Formerly, those phycians who are impaired and considered not fit for working in the communities were issued with licenses so as to work in prisons. This really devalues the treatment of the mentally ill in the prisons. I worked with various sources such as paying visits to the prison departments and interviewing the prion wardens and the management in the prison as well. I needed to research also on the feeling the mentally ill offenders get being in the prisons and their say regarding the high rates incarceration. I will look for this information from the mentally ill released prisons. The importance of this proposal is to bring out the idea that many issues arise from the mental illness. This arises especially when they are brought for justice when a crime is committed. So many questions arise about the incarceration of a mentally ill person. The type of punishment to give such a person is also often confusing. I believe that there are certain laws that are put to place for specifically the mentally ill. However, I noticed that there are some people who are convicted and released through the justice system loop holes yet they lack a mental illness. This is because, some offenders claim to have the illness so as to seek forgiveness and evade being locked in the prisons (Brickman, et al, 2011). Personally, I have studied the scenarios explained above in the paper. So many criminals have been locked up and isolated just because of their social behavior. Most of them usually possess some kind of mental illness. In the intensive Management Status, (is a program used to identify the mentally ill people) those that fail to show signs of being mentally ill in it; they develop them prior to their release. Isolation is the best option for making sure that the people capable of causing harm to others do not (Becker, 1977). But is has been exaggerated to generate something that is even worse. The offenders who are mentally ill need to be given the care that will enhance their normal functioning so as to fit in the same environment with the other offenders. Prisons are already negative, even without the additional negativity that is impacted on the criminal by isolating them and incarcerating them at high rates. The viability of this research is to ensure that the prisons and the high incarceration rates are not implemented on the mentally ill, but for the punishment purposes (Boyer, 2000).

My Freshman Year What A Professor Learned By Becoming A...

â€Å"My Freshman Year: What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student† by Rebekah Nathan, is one of the best legitimate books about anyone’s freshmen year in college. As a sophomore, I can vouch for that. Nathan uses facts, multiple studies, and an ample amount of research to write a beneficial book to represent someone’s freshmen year of college. Nathan, after teaching for 15 years starts to wonder why fewer students are participating in class discussions, reading assignments, homework, attending class, being polite, and not coming to her during office hours. Nathan learns how to adapt to having different demographics than her peers, she learns how it feels to be an international student in the U.S., and she learns how to help her teach as a professor to how students act in present day. Nathan faced many social norm difficulties throughout her experience. When she first arrived at the university, she was mistaken as a mom multiple times because she did not fit the stereotypical freshmen figure. She was a middle-aged woman living in dorms with peers around her that were 18, 19, and 20 years old. To become involved with her classmates, Nathan begins to participate in activities held around campus such as football, volleyball, and ping pong. By doing this, she engages in conversations with freshmen. The same freshmen that were confused about a middle-aged woman living in a freshmen dorm with them. Her peers grew to know her from clubs and extracurricular activities, and becameShow MoreRelatedMy Freshman Year : What A Professor Learned By Becoming A Student Essay1752 Words   |  8 Pageseducation and interest a professor realized that the students were relating to her as if she was a student. She was behaving as a student, asking questions, going regularly to class a nd doing the required readings and in turn the other students began sharing insights, gossip and opinions she would never hear as a professor. Rebekah Nathan (pseudonym assumed by the author, Cathy Small, for purposes of the book) recognized that â€Å"even after my fiftieth birthday, I could still be a student, and treated by otherRead MoreMy Freshman Year Review By Rebekah Nathan Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesMy Freshman Year Review Preface While auditing courses for her own education and interest a professor realized that the students were relating to her as if she was a student. She was behaving as a student, asking questions, going regularly to class and doing the required readings and in turn the other students began sharing insights, gossip and opinions she would never hear as a professor. Rebekah Nathan (pseudonym assumed by the author, Cathy Small, for purposes of the book) recognized that â€Å"evenRead MoreEssay College Freshman Learning Communities841 Words   |  4 PagesFreshman learning communities (FLC) are programs where 15 to 30 first-year students register for several general-education courses that focus on a common theme (Jaffee, 2004). Although there are several different types of learning communities, they all are designed for the same purposes. One of the main purposes in implementing freshman learning communities is to assist the students in their transition to a new environment. This acclimati on involves becoming better acquainted with the other studentsRead MoreBecoming A Certified Public Accountant1720 Words   |  7 Pagesremember, my main goal in life was to always enjoy it. I have come to the realization that I am a simple man with simple needs. Through my past life experiences, I have determined that to obtain a comfortable lifestyle I will have to be employed in a career that is secure, but also a career that I enjoy. Deciding on a career is a personal and difficult problem for young people, however I believe my solution to this problem is to become a certified public accountant (CPA). In my Freshman Seminar, my professorRead MoreGateway Experience : Gateway Course864 Words   |  4 Pagesthis academic year, I was apprehensive about professors and how they would interact with their students. However, after meeting with my Gateway instructor and his teaching assistant, my apprehension subsided. Through meeting with my instructor and the teaching assistant, I was able to form a better understanding of what professors are there for. I was greeted with kindness and my questions never went unanswered. Furthermore, because of this experience, it became clear to me that professors are thereRead MoreEssay on What makes a first year college student successful?1412 Words   |  6 PagesFreshman year, the year of many first; the first time living away from home, the first time being away from friends, the first time a student has control of their own learning. Freshman year requires a lot of discipline, but a lot of students do not possess this trait. The factors that contribute to the success of first year college students are social support, comfort within the college environment, self control,responsibiliy and positive self concept. Being a college student could be very stressful;Read MoreBecoming A Successful And Responsible Adult1377 Words   |  6 Pagesstep closer to pursuing your dream of becoming a successful and responsible adult. With all of these feelings comes a lot of emotion. Transitioning is not as easy as some may think. Surprisingly, many students struggle with their first semester of college, leading them to think that college is not right for them in the first place. My experience transitioning from high school to college was a bit difficult. I was never taught how to prepare myself for what was to come. There is so much happeningRead MoreMy Quest For A College Degree971 Words   |  4 Pagescollege freshman year for graduating high school students, but there is little material aimed at the non-traditional adult student, especially one who opts to take online courses. My quest for a college degree has spanned two decades and has taken place in three different states. As I reflect back on my e xperience each time I rekindled my educational quest, it is surprising how many of the issues I faced were not that different from those of recent high school graduates starting their freshman yearRead MoreThe Book My Freshman Year By Barbara Johnstone And Charles Murray Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The book ‘My Freshman Year; What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student’ has become a bestseller and is has become a source of policy inspiration for college administrator. The book details the findings of a professor who goes back to college and lives as a freshman. She registers at Northern Arizona University and conducts her study as a part of the student body. She lives in a dorm and takes a whole course load. The result is that she is able to attenuate student issues in a way noRead MoreMy Perception Of The American Dream1554 Words   |  7 PagesIt’s hard to say at what age people start to daydream about life’s possibilities. It must start early being as a child, I’ve always envisioned my future life to be like the stereotypical American dream. I may have inherited that dream from my mother; she came to the United States from Mexico at only 15 years old. She came to pursue the same dream - - the opportunity to achieve wealth and success. Gr owing up in a traditional Hispanic household is something I will always cherish, but one characteristic My Freshman Year What A Professor Learned By Becoming A... While auditing courses for her own education and interest a professor realized that the students were relating to her as if she was a student. She was behaving as a student, asking questions, going regularly to class and doing the required readings and in turn the other students began sharing insights, gossip and opinions she would never hear as a professor. Rebekah Nathan (pseudonym assumed by the author, Cathy Small, for purposes of the book) recognized that â€Å"even after my fiftieth birthday, I could still be a student, and treated by other students as, more or less, a peer†(Nathan, 2005, para. 71). She decided use her sabbatical to study campus life through a student’s viewpoint, instead of the professor-student perspective. In 2002, Rebekah Nathan, a cultural anthropologist, enrolled as a freshman in her own institution to conduct undercover research to better understand the undergraduate experience. Her observations and experiences are the basis for the book My Freshman Year: What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student. Nathan faced ethical questions in approaching this research project using an undercover method of observation: Did she lie to people? Was permission given by the university? How to handle the Research Board? Could she record her findings or conversations since she did not disclose her identity? Can an anthropologist really go â€Å"undercover†? These are a few of the concerns and criticisms the author faced during this project. Nathan conductsShow MoreRelatedMy Freshman Year : What A Professor Learned By Becoming A Student850 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"My Freshman Year: What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student† by Rebekah Nathan, is one of the best legitimate books about anyone’s freshmen year in college. As a sophomore, I can vouch for that. Nathan uses facts, multiple studies, and an ample amount of research to write a beneficial book to represent someone’s freshmen year of college. Nathan, after teaching for 15 years starts to wonder why few er students are participating in class discussions, reading assignments, homework, attending classRead MoreMy Freshman Year Review By Rebekah Nathan Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesMy Freshman Year Review Preface While auditing courses for her own education and interest a professor realized that the students were relating to her as if she was a student. She was behaving as a student, asking questions, going regularly to class and doing the required readings and in turn the other students began sharing insights, gossip and opinions she would never hear as a professor. Rebekah Nathan (pseudonym assumed by the author, Cathy Small, for purposes of the book) recognized that â€Å"evenRead MoreEssay College Freshman Learning Communities841 Words   |  4 PagesFreshman learning communities (FLC) are programs where 15 to 30 first-year students register for several general-education courses that focus on a common theme (Jaffee, 2004). Although there are several different types of learning communities, they all are designed for the same purposes. One of the main purposes in implementing freshman learning communities is to assist the students in their transition to a new environment. This acclimati on involves becoming better acquainted with the other studentsRead MoreBecoming A Certified Public Accountant1720 Words   |  7 Pagesremember, my main goal in life was to always enjoy it. I have come to the realization that I am a simple man with simple needs. Through my past life experiences, I have determined that to obtain a comfortable lifestyle I will have to be employed in a career that is secure, but also a career that I enjoy. Deciding on a career is a personal and difficult problem for young people, however I believe my solution to this problem is to become a certified public accountant (CPA). In my Freshman Seminar, my professorRead MoreGateway Experience : Gateway Course864 Words   |  4 Pagesthis academic year, I was apprehensive about professors and how they would interact with their students. However, after meeting with my Gateway instructor and his teaching assistant, my apprehension subsided. Through meeting with my instructor and the teaching assistant, I was able to form a better understanding of what professors are there for. I was greeted with kindness and my questions never went unanswered. Furthermore, because of this experience, it became clear to me that professors are thereRead MoreEssay on What makes a first year college student successful?1412 Words   |  6 PagesFreshman year, the year of many first; the first time living away from home, the first time being away from friends, the first time a student has control of their own learning. Freshman year requires a lot of discipline, but a lot of students do not possess this trait. The factors that contribute to the success of first year college students are social support, comfort within the college environment, self control,responsibiliy and positive self concept. Being a college student could be very stressful;Read MoreBecoming A Successful And Responsible Adult1377 Words   |  6 Pagesstep closer to pursuing your dream of becoming a successful and responsible adult. With all of these feelings comes a lot of emotion. Transitioning is not as easy as some may think. Surprisingly, many students struggle with their first semester of college, leading them to think that college is not right for them in the first place. My experience transitioning from high school to college was a bit difficult. I was never taught how to prepare myself for what was to come. There is so much happeningRead MoreMy Quest For A College Degree971 Words   |  4 Pagescollege freshman year for graduating high school students, but there is little material aimed at the non-traditional adult student, especially one who opts to take online courses. My quest for a college degree has spanned two decades and has taken place in three different states. As I reflect back on my e xperience each time I rekindled my educational quest, it is surprising how many of the issues I faced were not that different from those of recent high school graduates starting their freshman yearRead MoreThe Book My Freshman Year By Barbara Johnstone And Charles Murray Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The book ‘My Freshman Year; What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student’ has become a bestseller and is has become a source of policy inspiration for college administrator. The book details the findings of a professor who goes back to college and lives as a freshman. She registers at Northern Arizona University and conducts her study as a part of the student body. She lives in a dorm and takes a whole course load. The result is that she is able to attenuate student issues in a way noRead MoreMy Perception Of The American Dream1554 Words   |  7 PagesIt’s hard to say at what age people start to daydream about life’s possibilities. It must start early being as a child, I’ve always envisioned my future life to be like the stereotypical American dream. I may have inherited that dream from my mother; she came to the United States from Mexico at only 15 years old. She came to pursue the same dream - - the opportunity to achieve wealth and success. Gr owing up in a traditional Hispanic household is something I will always cherish, but one characteristic

‘the Separation of Powers Hinders Effective Government in...

The separation of powers is a theory of government whereby political power is distributed among three branches of government; the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The doctrine of the separation of powers embodies three basic principles; limited government, which means that the government’s power over its citizens is limited by the Bill of Rights. Secondly is the separation of personnel, meaning that no one person can hold office in separate branches of the government at the same time. And lastly, each branch of government keeps a watch over the other branches of government and in some cases can overrule it to prevent them from becoming too powerful. Neustadt (1960) wrote that rather it being a government with ‘separated†¦show more content†¦Firstly, he nominates all federal judges to the trial court, appeal court and Supreme Court. The appeal and Supreme court being the most important two. President George W. Bush made two appointments to the Supreme Court – John Roberts as chief justice in 2005, and Samuel Alito as an associate judge in 2006. By choosing justices whose judicial philosophy matches their own, presidents can hope to mould the outlook of the Court for many years after. It can be argued that the election of these should have been down to a rather more democratic public vote, as it will inevitably be the citizens who will be largely effected by the appointment of these judges. The second is the power of pardon. This is used in times of controversy. In 1974, President Ford pardoned his predecessor, President Nixon, for the crimes that he committed in the ‘Watergate affair’. On the la st day of his presidency, President Clinton pardoned 140 people, including Mark Rich, who was a notorious tax fugitive. In contrast, President George W. Bush pardoned only 189 people in 8 years. This supports an effective government as it removes any members of Congress who may be corrupt and not doing their jobs properly. Congress has the significant power of ‘power of the purse’, which means that all of the money that the president wants to spend on his policies must be voted for by Congress. If they refuse to vote then it brings to a halt what the president was planning to do. In 2007, the DemocratShow MoreRelatedTerrorism – Is There Any Working Global Frameworks to Counter It?3741 Words   |  15 Pagesorganized a conference â€Å"Fighting Terrorism for Humanity† in New York City. He opened the summit with words: â€Å"Terrorism will only be defeated if we act to solve the political disputes or long-standing conflicts that generate support for it. (†¦) If we do not, we should find ourselves acting as recruiting sergeants for the very terrorists. We have to win hearts and minds.† The causes of terrorism may be inter alia historical, economical, religious or ideological, and there is no way to entirely eliminateRead MorePakistan Journal of Social Sciences6157 W ords   |  25 PagesAssistant Manager-Marketing, PTCL, Multan Pakistan. E-mail: qazi_kamal@yahoo.com Abstract Unions basically seek to advance the interest of their members. As a principal goal, unions exert a strong influence on individuals, organizations and upon the government to advance the economic and social positions of their constituents. Union play significant role by adopting positions on such public issues as unemployment, job security, opportunity for advancement, tariffs, health care, wages, social securityRead MoreNatural Law Theory Essay6453 Words   |  26 Pagesthing to do is that which fulfils the natural purpose.† Natural law was developed by Thomas Aquinas, in which he believed that there is such a thing as natural moral law. Natural law ethics depends on the belief that the world was designed by a creator, God. It teaches everything God made has a purpose, including every aspect of human life, and everything should work towards the purpose assigned to it. If we fulfil this purpose we do ‘good’, for example it is good to preserve life (â€Å"Do not ki ll†)Read MoreInflation and Costco10736 Words   |  43 PagesCorporation (Costco Wholesale Corporation). 2000: 2% reward program has been adopted and this has added value to the operators. Costco began participating in smokeless industry - tourism market.   Costco continues to open two locations in Texas - USA.   2001: Costco has consolidated operations in Canada into a new office in Ottawa, Ontario.   2002: Costco began entering Kansas and India, the entry of Costco This will increase the total number of countries engaged to 7 countries.   In Puerto RicoRead MoreCxc Mutipe Choice Questions13016 Words   |  53 Pagesneed for economic cooperation b) The formation of Carifta c) The existence of one type of people d) The maintenance of the University of the West Indies. The first Heads of Government Conference was held in: a) August, 1962 b) May, 1961 c) July, 1963 d) July, 1974. The four countries that attended the first Heads of Government Conference were: a) Jamaica, Guyana, Grenada and Barbados b) Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago c) Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Belize d) Trinidad andRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesprogram. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizations or having people working for you, in both cases you will be dealing with people. To be understandable and lively means that we need to communicate you. We start every chapter with learning objectives. The most important thing you will get out of this course are the basicRead MoreLenovo and Ibm23938 Words   |  96 PagesObtaining Access to New Customers ..........................................................42 4 / 78 Achieving Successful Cross-Cultural and Management Integration: The Experience of Lenovo and IBM By Sharona Peng 5.2.5 Strengthening Bargaining power with Suppliers .........................................43 5.3 Comparing motives of Lenovo to literatures ..................................................43 5.4 Anticipated Problems ...............................................................Read MoreDatabase Design and Implementation38677 Words   |  155 PagesImplementation for Biodiversity Informatics Paul J. Morris The Academy of Natural Sciences 1900 Ben Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA Received: 28 October 2004 - Accepted: 19 January 2005 Abstract The complexity of natural history collection information and similar information within the scope of biodiversity informatics poses significant challenges for effective long term stewardship of that information in electronic form. This paper discusses the principles of good relational database designRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreIntroduction to Large Scale Organizations18988 Words   |  76 Pagesdistinction between the owners and managers) Types of LSO s -Can hail from either the public or private sector -The private sector refers to part of the economy controlled by private individuals or groups of individuals not affiliated with the government. They consist of: Companies/Corporations -Aim to make a profit or add value to net assets through manufacture or provision of services -Can be categorised as either public or private organisations -Private companies cannot be bought on the stock-market

Exploring the Necessity of Tax Supported Education Essay

Tax supported education was deemed necessary by Thomas Jefferson and many other constituents. Taxation for education was an insurance premium that the wealthy paid for stability and democracy. One important factor that they did not want was ignorance to set in and that is what we would be left with to make our future political office, let alone our future presidents. How can a country run on ignorance? Many cannot afford to send their children to school, so therefore by having taxes cover the cost of school, this would allow many more children and even adults to get an education to better themselves and our economy. We will take a look at why Jefferson was so adamant about tax supported education. We will also look at who it affected†¦show more content†¦Try the principle one step further and amend the bill so as to commit to the Governor and Council the management of all our farms, our mills, and merchants stores.† (Jeffersonian Education) Who better to educate our children than the love and generosity of parents and grandparents rather than our government? Let’s take a look at some of the positives and negatives that came out of tax supported education. The idea that there should be free, locally tax-supported schools did not begin with Horace Mann, or Thomas Jefferson. Just a few years after it was reputable, the Massachusetts Bay Colony General Court passed in 1647, a judgment required that towns with over fifty residents assign a master to teach all children to read and write and that communities with more than one hundred residents set up a grammar school to further prepare the youth for the university. Although Massachusetts took the first step toward the founding of public education, various types of schooling was created, at least for some children, in each of the colonies. Significant differences emerged in various sections of the country during the colonial period. (The Early Years) The problem lays w here those with money and wealth were usually the ones that were able to send their children to school. In the South, where there was poverty and rags, children had to work in order to assist their families to survive. They were unable to send their children to schools but onShow MoreRelatedWhy Education Should Be Privatized2463 Words   |  10 PagesImportance of Education According to uis.unesco.org â€Å"774 million adults lacked basic literacy skills in 2011.† Furthermore, most of the people living in illiteracy are from poor countries such as South and West Africa and sub-Saharan Africa where the population live in such poverty that many die of hunger. However, UNICEF has been focusing on providing basic education to all humans around the world and as data.unicef.org shows, â€Å"Worldwide, 91 percent of primary-school-age children were enrolledRead MoreObesity : A Growing Problem4014 Words   |  17 Pagessave lots of money in medical costs that obesity results in often. My research question is what are the causes and most effective methods of treating and preventing obesity at a young age and throughout childhood and adulthood. I am interested in exploring how society has impacted the spread of obesity and how people can pressure the government to take action on this issue. I am also interested in ways that people can form 2 healthy eating habits and lifestyles that they can maintain andRead More Three Principal Meetings that Led to the Adoption of the Constitution of the United States4889 Words   |  20 PagesPresident. George Mason was the other, yet his name does not spring to mind. Does George Mason deserve the accolade Founding Father? This paper will explore the political life of Mason and attempt to answer the question affirmatively. Before exploring Mason through his papers, his biographies and the papers of his contemporaries, it is necessary to decide what one must have done to be included in the list of our republics founders. For purposes of this investigation, we must find that MasonsRead MoreIct Gadgets Aid The Student s Education Essay3922 Words   |  16 Pages I ICT gadgets aid the student’s education. Through the facility of accessible sources online, students are provided with wider reference for more reliable learning. It is with convenience that students get the most revised online journals existing for reference. It provides significant resources that will academically aid the students. Through easy access to virtual websites, it presents the students updates and reliable online journals. It also aids the students through the advanced technologyRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesInstructor’s Manual Exploring Strategy Ninth edition Gerry Johnson Richard Whittington Kevan Scholes Steve Pyle For further instructor material please visit: www.pearsoned.co.uk/mystrategylab ISBN: 978-0-273-73557-1 (printed) ISBN: 978-0-273-73552-6 (web) ï £ © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to download and photocopy the manual as required. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated CompaniesRead MoreMgt 585 Sqm Implementation Essay5476 Words   |  22 Pagesbe expected under the existing structure. Steve acted quickly in addressing the leadership of the department. The new leader would have to be a self-starter and work with minimal direction. Due to the poor reputation of the department and the necessity of building cooperation with the business units, a candidate would have to understand the bank’s internal culture, work across organizations and interact with senior executives. The idea of bringing in a compliance expert from the outside was discarded Read MoreSixteen Most Significant Events in U.S. History between 1789 to 19756920 Words   |  28 PagesJefferson stated, it freed America from European influence at its borders. In addition to these economic implications, the purchase also had historic political implications. The acquisition took place at a time when the government was still exploring the powers that the Constitution had granted it. Jefferson, himself, carefully deliberated whether the Constitution granted him the right to acquire territory for the purpose of expandi the Union. He reflected on the possible need for an amendmentRead MoreE-Government: Its Characteristics, Practices and Future9632 Words   |  39 Pagesinformation and services that originate at different agencies and on different platforms. However, while regular businesses have made great strides in going on-line, governments have been less progressive even though activities have been significant in exploring the potentials [12]. 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Stevens (1971) points out that the technological revolution has been primarily responsible for bringing medicine into the public domain. Advancement of technology has influenced other factors, as well, such as medical education, growth of institutions, and urban development. Hence, American medicine did not emerge as a professional entity until the beginning of the 20th century, with the progress in biomedical science. Since then, the US health care delivery system has

The Triangle Fire Essay - 1186 Words

In an era of a rising unionization, The Triangle Fire, calligraphy written my Leon Stein, describes one of the worst industrial disasters in the nation’s history that ended up killing 146 of the 500 Triangle Shirtwaist Company employees, which happened to be female immigrant workers. These immigrants came to the United States with their families in search for a better life. Instead they found themselves working long hours only to receive low wages along with horrendous working circumstances with very little freedom. This thrilling event happened in New York on the late afternoon of March 25, 1911. The tendentious Max Blank and Isaac Harris owned the top three floors in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in the Asch Building. Most of†¦show more content†¦When the fire department arrived â€Å"the crowd began to yell raise the ladders†(18). The Fire Department did all they could do to help these women, but their equipment was not very helpful because the fire depart ment did not have a ladder long enough to reach past the sixth floor. A mechanist and patrolmen made life nest to catch the woman but to their surprise â€Å"woman fell with such force that they went right through the life nets landing on the pavement† (17). This tragic fire demonstrated how the fire inspections and precautions were noticeably lacking safety for these workers even though â€Å"a little more than five months before the tragedy Firemen Edward F. O’Conner made a routine inspection and said the Asch Building was ‘good’ and the building was ‘fireproof’†(28). The fire finally died down with over one hundred dead bodies piled along the streets. Sunday morning â€Å"thousands of people began to form into a slowly moving parade around the city blocks†(89). The people were walking in honor of these workers and would go around trying to identify the bodies and confiscate any items the bodies my have possessed for reminisce nces. On the other hand, the departments felt immediate quilt for not stepping in to fix the Asch building before, because the departments knew of the horrible safety and health precautions the Asch building had but nobody emphasized the problems. â€Å"But who was to blame?† (113). Chief Croker was quick to blameShow MoreRelatedHistory the Triangle Fire Essay2608 Words   |  11 PagesConstant Fall 2011 History 162 Modern America Dr. Bittel PAPER OPTION #1 The Triangle Fire The terrible fire that revealed a harsh reality to the world Nowadays, it is almost impossible to find a building that does not have exit signs or fire extinguishers in America. Whether in a university or at the work place, exit signs and fire safety instructions can easily be found by anybody. Fire drills are regularly practiced to ensure the least amount of casualty will occur if somethingRead MoreThe Triangle Factory Fire Of 1911948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Triangle Factory Fire of 1911 The Industrial Revolution is remembered as a major turning point in U.S. history. During this time, there were advancements in technology, an abundance of natural resources, cheap labor and investment capital. Industrialization led to the development of factories, which led to the increase in jobs for many immigrants. These advancements clearly overshadowed the harsh working conditions for many of these factory workers. In 1911, The Triangle Factory Fire was aRead MoreEssay about Triangle Shirtwaist Fire1710 Words   |  7 Pages Triangle Shirtwaist Fire nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Near closing time on Saturday afternoon, March 25, 1911, in New York City a fire broke out on the top floors of the Asch Building in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. One of the worst tragedies in American history it was know as the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. It was a disaster that took the lives of 146 young immigrant workers. A fire that broke out in a cramped sweatshop that trapped many inside and killed 146 people. ThisRead MoreTriangle: the Fire That Changed America Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe infamous Triangle Shirtwaist Fire occurred that day, and left one hundred and forty-six people dead in its wake. While many at the time thought the story would soon pass, and with it all the potential bad publicity, the story of the fire spread quickly, and outraged many people. As a result, the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire ended up changing many business and political practices of the time. In his book Triangle: The Fire that Changed America, David von Drehle argues that the fire largely impactedRead More Triangle: The Fire that Changed America Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The ‘Triangle’ company, â€Å"With blood this name will be written in the history of the American workers’ movement, and with feeling will this history recall the names of the strikers of this shop- of the crusaders† (Von Drehle 86). Even before it happen, the Forward predicted the terrible disaster of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory that occurred one year, one month, and seventeen days later (86). Triangle: The Fire that Changed America, by David Von Drehle tells the story of the horrible fire. DavidRead More Triangle Fire 1911 Essay example2502 Words   |  11 Pages The Triangle Fire of 1911 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Near closing time on Saturday afternoon, March 25, 1911, in New York City a fire broke out on the top floors of the Asch Building in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. One of the worst tragedies in American history it is known as the â€Å"Triangle Shirtwaist Fire†. It was a disaster that took the lives of 146 workers, most of which were women. This tragedy pointed out the negatives of sweatshop conditions of the industrialization era. It emphasizedRead MoreTriangle: The Fire That Changed America Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesOn the afternoon of March 25, 1911, a fire broke out in the 10-floor Asch Building, a block east of Manhattans Washington Square. This is where 500 mostly young immigrant girls were producing shirts for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. Within minutes, it spread to consume the buildings upper three stories. Firemen at the scene were unable to rescue those trapped inside: their ladders werent tall enough. Exits were locked, and the narrow fire escapes were inadequate. Panicked, many jumped fromRead MoreThe Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire Essay example1460 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowing is a short excerpt of those who fought and died due to the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire. â€Å"The â€Å"Triangle† Company†¦ With blood this name will be written in the history of the American workers’ movement, and with feel will this history recall the names of the strikers of this shop—of the crusaders.†Ã¢â‚¬â€ Jewish Daily Forward (Drehle) On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire broke out. Proper workers’ rights and fire prevention installations were not in place or were not followedRead MoreEssay about Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire1676 Words   |  7 Pagesand disaster did strike in March, 1911. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York set on fire, killing 146 workers. This is an important event in US history because it helped accomplish the tasks unions and strikes had tried to accomplish years earlier, It improved working conditions in factories nationwide and set new safety laws and regulations so that nothing as catastrophic would happen again. The workplace struggles became public after this fire, and the work industry would never remain theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire1773 Words   |  8 Pagesconquer anything life threw at her. After graduation, Frances struggled to find something meaningful to do with her life; That is the tragedy of The Triangle S hirtwaist Factory fire. Witnessing the tragedy first hand, and listening to the emotional speech of Russian immigrant, Rose Schneiderman (the representative of those that perished in the fire) Frances set out to change the laws of labor rights all over the country. 2. What did they do to make a difference and why did that resonate with you

Facebook Social Network or Social Disaster Free Essays

Facebook: Social Network or Social Disaster Your busy day is done. You head home open up your laptop or head over to your desktop and turn it on. After impatiently waiting for everything to load on your computer you open up your web browser. We will write a custom essay sample on Facebook: Social Network or Social Disaster or any similar topic only for you Order Now You go to the top of the page and type in www. face and arrow down in the drop box to http://www. facebook. com/. As the website loads you wait in anticipation. When the blue bar at the top of the page loads you immediately look to the left hand corner of that bar. You glance over the first icon which is a silhouette of two people. Any friend requests? You then skim over to the next icon, a picture of two message bubbles. They remind you of the ones you would see in a cartoon. Any messages? You then proceed to direct your eyes over to the last icon, the world icon. Any Notifications? You click on these icons and with that click you begin a social interaction with someone. For many people, what I described above is an action they do everyday. Over 500 million people worldwide live their lives on Facebook. † (Fletcher and Ford, 32) After reading this quote I asked myself one question, â€Å"Is it the communication aspect of facebook that causes everyone to be addicted to facebook or is there more to this addiction? † I know I go on Facebook almost everyday without fail but why? Do I go on to communicate and use Facebook as a social network or do I go on it mainly to get the dirt on others and what is going on in their lives? I came to the conclusion that Facebook is definitely a good place to keep in communication with people, however, in many ways, Facebook has definitely been misused and become gossip central. When you think about Facebook what is the first thing that comes to your mind? The first thing for me is friends. Right now I have 933 friends on Facebook and friends are a very important part of everyone’s lives. Facebook, like any other social network, gives you the ability to communicate with friends, coworkers, family members, and people from all over the world. You request to be their friend and wait for them to accept that request. There are so many people on Facebook today it would be rare to turn next to the person that sits next to you in math class and for them not to have a Facebook account. It is a very easy way to get in contact with those whom you may not have seen in a while. Old friends that over the years have become acquaintances or even friends that you can’t talk to on a regular basis because they live in a completely different country then you. For many of my high school years I went on missions trips to Mexico to help out at an orphanage down there. I met many different people and as the years went by I looked forward to seeing my long lost friends. Because of Facebook, I no longer have to call them my long lost friends because I can keep in contact with them through Facebook. I think it is great that so many of my friends are on Facebook and this is another way that I can communicate with them. However, one danger of having friends on Facebook is that some of the friends you accept may be quite superficial. Muise, Christofides, Desmarais, 442). I have almost a thousand friends on Facebook do you really think that I am as close to all of them as I am with my best friend? No, that is ridiculous. However, because Facebook is such an open social network and give us many different ways to communicate with others it has a tendency to give us a more open look at life so people tend to share more intimate aspects on life over the ir facebook status’. It has changed our social DNA, and made us more accustom to openness (Fletcher and Ford, 33). When we share these intimate aspects we are not necessarily thinking, â€Å"I hope everyone sees this. † We are just thinking about the friends we usually interact with on facebook, but the problem is anyone that you have accepted as a friend can see that status change. For example, I am friends with my mother on Facebook and when I asked her what her favorite thing about Facebook was she replied, â€Å"My favorite part about Facebook is that I can look on my kids profile and see what they have been up to. I got a similar response from a friend that said she likes Facebook because it keeps her in on the latest gossip. This is why we need to be careful when on facebook. Not everyone’s intent while on Facebook is to enhance communication. Some people use Facebook as their center for gossip and you never know who has this outlook while interacting over Facebook. Facebook offers many different ways to communicate with others. Status updates is just one of the many differen t services facebook offers. Status updates are a nice way to communicate what you are doing from a day to day asis or share short quotes that you found interesting. These status updates definitely help communication between people. Another service Facebook offers to communicate with others is the message service. If you want to have a private conversation with one or more people you can use the message service. This message service is somewhat like an email in the sense that you can send and receive messages that no one but the intended recipient can see. This is helpful if you want to plan a surprise party for some one and only want certain people to know about it. This service is a very good way to have an intimate conversation with others, and I think that it is a very good service. However, many people don’t use the message box as much as they should. This creates problems over Facebook. Another conversation method that is used on facebook is posting on others wall. The only problem with this is that everyone can see your wall. This can create many social mishaps. â€Å"While social networks sites provide the opportunity to reunite with long lost friends, they also allow people to make their information public within their circle of friends. (Muise, Christofides, Desmarais, 442) Anyone that is your friend can look at your wall posts and read into it wrong and start a huge rumor about you that ruins your reputation. It is that easy for a simple post on Facebook to be turned into a rumor and soon enough it will be all over your wall and all your friends will see it, making Facebook a center for gossip. That is why I believe if the wall posting service is used unwisely it can turn Facebook into a social disaster waiting to happen. Facebook makes it easy to see what is going on in everyone lives. It gives you notifications when anyone does something such as post on your wall or make a comment on your status or pictures. On your home page it gives you a play by play of what everyone of your friends are doing over Facebook. It tells you when they are online so if you wanted to have a brief conversation with them you could just click on their picture icon and a little chat box will pop up. Also on the home page all your friend’s status changes will be listed on it and you can freely comment or like them whenever you would like. I think these notifications are very helpful ways to quickly send out a conversation to someone so you can keep up a relationship with someone even when our lives are hectic and we don’t have time to sit down with them for coffee. However, Facebook is very addicting. Tynee Seno from the Philippines quotes, â€Å"On average, I spend about four hours a day on Facebook- more time then I spend outside. † (Facebook and You, 34) From personal experience, I can suspect that Tynee is not just conversing with others over facebook for the whole four hours he is on Facebook everyday. When I spend an overwhelming amount of time on Facebook I’m usually looking for an â€Å"in†. I don’t know how many times I have read something over Facebook and went immediately to my phone to text someone about what I had read over facebook. â€Å"Did you see what she posted on his wall? † And as simple as that, another gossip chain has begun. For many, it is not intentional to start this gossip chain. As humans, we are just very curious beings and sometime I even believe that jealousy can get involved. â€Å"Facebook may expose an individual to potentially jealousy-provoking information. (Muise, Christofides, and Desmarais, 443) Like I said before, we don’t do this on purpose. It is just in our human nature to do this. However, I want to encourage you that next time you read something on Facebook that wasn’t meant for you to read, instead of going and sharing it with the world, try to look past it. Just think how you would feel if you pos ted something without thinking who all would see your post and it ended up getting spread around in a nasty rumor. If we can avoid this we can avoid making Facebook a place where simple socialization can turn into a disaster. So my advice is, next time you sit down at that computer and go straight to Facebook be careful because you wouldn’t want a simple post to be the start of a social disaster. I think that overall Facebook has great potential in helping people communicate with others. It helps me communicate with people from Mexico by allowing me to be friends with whomever I want, as well as helping me keep in touch with people through its different venues for communicating with people. I think that Facebook is a great social network, however, I believe that it can be made into a social disaster if it were to be misused. Works Cited â€Å"Facebook and You. (Cover story). † Time 175. 21 (2010): 34-35. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 2 Nov. 2010. Fletcher, Dan, and Andrea Ford. â€Å"Friends Without Borders. (Cover story). † Time 175. 21 . (2010): 32-38. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 2 Nov. 2010. Muise, Amy, Emily Christofides, and Serge Desmarais. â€Å"More Information than You Ever Wanted: Does Facebook Bring Out the Green-Eyed Monster of Jealousy?. † CyberPsychology Behavior 12. 4 (2009): 441-444. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 2 Nov. 2010 How to cite Facebook: Social Network or Social Disaster, Papers

Integrated Business Management Market Entry

Question: Discuss about theIntegrated Business Managementfor Market Entry. Answer: Introduction Mayrah, the fashion brand by Australias Julie Shaw, targets young females who are working or are fashion conscious. Because of Julies indigenous background, the brand also reflects an essence of the Australian indigenous culture. They have identified offshore manufacturing as the best option for their products. They mostly focus on in-house sales and online e-boutique (Mayrah.com.au 2016). However, currently they are looking to expand in Asian markets due the vast un-explored populace in the region, and myriads of opportunities not taken advantage of. Country to Target for Market Entry Singapore is known for being open to high-end fashion brands, and people in the country are open-minded about spending money on products that are worth it. Thus, Singapore as a market was chosen among other Asia-Pacific countries to increase sales and profit for Mayrah. The consumption size of the fashion brand market in Singapore is booming and Mayrah has the financial resources, proficiency and experience to enter that market. Singapore is the market for a vast range of global and local companies, and the standard of living is quite high. Moreover, the Australian market is crowded with domestic companies, and it does not provide much opportunity for growth to the retail companies. Singapores strategic location near the major seaports has turned it into a busy point of transaction. In addition, its close proximity with other developed Asian countries has turned it into a gateway, with few natural disasters (Coe and Bok 2014). Business Environment Singapore is known for its cultural diversity, and business practices are influenced by that. Mayrah has to indentify the significance of all those practices before entering the market. The power distance factor in the businesses are quite prominent, and employers take control in all situations, making the communication between them indirect and carefully measured. Mayrah needs to pay attention and modify their own open business interactions while entering the business market. Mayrah has the practice of clearly communicating corporate expectations to all the employees, along with a specific code of conduct for successful teamwork (Ko 2013). Communication Issues and Problems The culture of Singapore is different to that of Australia, and that can influence consumer behavior. The society is segmented into subcultures dealing with nationality, religion, language and demographics, making it an ethnically diverse country. English is one of their four national languages, so communication wise there is not much of a language barrier. However, local dealers and wholesalers mostly converse in Chinese or Malay or Mandarin, which could be an issue for the managers. In addition, the multicultural environment can pose a problem in loss of focus on the target market. Furthermore, the existent presence of vast number of domestic and foreign brands in the market can divert the consumer preference away from Mayrah, as it is not a locally recognized brand yet and has no brand loyalty working for them in the Singapore market. To handle these issues Mayrah should beforehand carry out their market segmentation properly and try to understand which subculture and belief they need to give special attention to. In addition, its affordability and good quality would slowly capture the attention of the buyers, who are already ready to spend on something new and exclusive (Paliwoda and Thomas 2013). Legal and Compliance Issues Singapore already has a well-established legal and political system, along with government stability. It has a stable government, almost zero issues between political parties, and good foreign relations. However, doing business there is not without some challenges. Prior registration has to be done with their Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority, which could take time to be completed. Registering property is a complicated issue, especially in the context of payable fees. Mayrah has to make sure they plan things and properly prepare all the documents required for these processes (Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, it has been indentified that Singapores political solidity, strong fiscal position and an optimistic governmental attitude supports Mayrahs market penetration plan for Singapore. Nevertheless, it is vital for Mayrah to consider the cultural and political barriers, along with consumer preferences while doing so. Mayrahs distinctive essence can become its competitive advantage. References Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G.A. and Riesenberger, J.R., 2013.A framework for international business. Pearson. Coe, N.M. and Bok, R., 2014. Retail transitions in Southeast Asia.The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research,24(5), pp.479-499. Mayrah.com.au. (2016). MAYRAH. [online] Available at: https://www.mayrah.com.au/ Paliwoda, S. and Thomas, M., 2013.International marketing. Routledge.

Summer Sport Camp at State University Essay Example

Summer Sport Camp at State University Essay 14th MANCO Linear Programming Approach for Irrigation Scheduling – A case Study H. MD. AZAMATHULLA, Senior Lecturer, River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; email: [emailprotected] usm. my, [emailprotected] com (author for correspondence) AMINUDDIN AB GHANI, Professor, REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia, email: [emailprotected] usm. my NOR AZAZI ZAKARIA, Professor, REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia, email: [emailprotected] usm. my CHANG CHUN KIAT, Science Officer, REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia, email: [emailprotected] sm. my Abstract There is an increasing awareness among irrigation planners and engineers to design and operate reservoir systems for maximum efficiency to maximize their benefits. Accordingly, significant work has been done on reservoir operation for known total irrigation demand and on the optimal allocation of water available to crops at the farm lev el. Very few studies have been conducted to derive optimal reservoir operation policies integrating the reservoir operation with the on-farm utilisation of water by the various crops. This present paper deals with the development of model Linear Programming (LP) to be applied to real-time reservoir operation in an existing Chiller reservoir system in Madhya Pradesh, India. Keywords: Cropping pattern, Water resource management, Irrigation management, Optimization 1. Introduction In most developing countries, a huge share of the limited budget goes to creating facilities for irrigation. Construction of reservoirs requires very high investment and also causes socioeconomic and environmental issues. Water in the reservoir has multiple claimants and needs to be optimally utilized to generate maximum benefits through proper operation, which must remain consistent despite uncertain future inflows and demands. According to the World Commission on Dams, many large storage projects worldwide are failing to produce the anticipated benefits (Labadie, 2004). Similarly, small storage projects made for local areas in developing countries, like India, are also failing to meet expectations. We will write a custom essay sample on Summer Sport Camp at State University specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summer Sport Camp at State University specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summer Sport Camp at State University specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The main cause identified at various levels of discussion, as reported by Labadie (2004), is inadequate consideration of the more mundane operation and maintenance issues once the project is completed. For existing reservoirs, optimum operation is critical, since all the expected benefits are based on timely water releases to meet the stipulated demand. Real-time operation of a reservoir requires making relatively quick decisions regarding releases based on short-term information. Decisions are dependant on the storage in the reservoir and information available in the form of forecast hydrologic and meteorological parameters. This is especially important during floods and power generation, where the system has to respond to changes very quickly and may need to adapt rapidly (Mohan et al. 1991). For reservoir systems operated for irrigation scheduling, real-time operation is not very common because of longer decision steps. Traditionally, the reservoirs meant for irrigation purposes are operated on heuristics and certain rules derived from previous experiences. This defies the concept of water-management; much of the water is lost, which in turn leads to loss of revenue. In the early 1960s, mathematical programming techniques became popular for reservoir planning and operation; pertinent literature is available. An excellent review of the topic is given by Yeh (1985), followed by Labadie (2004) and Wurbs (1993). Along with simulation studies, Linear Programming (LP), Dynamic Programming (DP) and Non Linear Programming (NLP) are the most popular modelling techniques. A comparative study on the applicability and computational difficulties of these models is presented by Mujumdar and Narulkar (1993). Many of the aforementioned techniques have been implemented in realistic scenarios, and many reservoir systems worldwide are operated based on the decision rules generated from these techniques. However, there exists a gap between theory and practice, and full implementation has not been achieved yet (Labadie, 2004). 1 14 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak The basic difficulty a reservoir manager faces is to take a real-time optimum decision regarding releases according to the future demand and inflow. This leads to the problem of optimization of the stochastic domain. Two approaches of stochastic optimization are practised: i) Explicit Stochastic Optimization (ESO), which works on probabilistic descriptors of random inputs directly and ii) Implicit Stochastic Optimization (ISO), which is based on historical, generated or forecasted values of the inputs through the use of Time Series Analysis or other Probabilistic approaches. The ESO approach has computational difficulties; ISO methods are simple, but require an additional forecasting model for real time operation. In the case of irrigation reservoirs, decision making at the reservoir level depends upon the water demand arising at the field level. In order to operate the reservoir in the best possible way, it becomes imperative to understand the processes occurring in the crop-soil-water-atmosphere system. This helps not only in the estimation of accurate demands, but also ensures optimum utilisation of water. If the processes at the field level are also modelled properly and integrated with the reservoir level model, the goal of water management can be achieved in the best possible way. Dudley et al. (1971) pioneered the integration of the systems in the determination of optimal irrigation timing under limited water supply using a Stochastic DP model. Dudley and his associates then improved the model (Dudley and Burt, 1973; Dudley, 1988; Dudley and Musgrave, 1993). Vedula and Mujumdar (1992, 1993) and Vedula and Nagesh Kumar (1996) have also contributed to this area. Their approach was to derive a steady state reservoir operation policy while maximizing the annual crop yield. DP-SDP and LP-SDP were used in the modelling. However, for real-time reservoir operation, Vedula and Nagesh Kumar (1996) stressed the need to forecast inflows and rainfall in the current season to implement the steady state operation policy. As a result, the ESO model has to be supplemented with an ISO model to get a policy for the current period. As an extension to the work of Vedula and Mujumdar (1992), a significant contribution to the real-time reservoir approach was presented by Mujumdar and Ramesh (1997). They addressed the issue of short term real-time reservoir operation by forecasting the inflow for the current period, a crop production state variable and a soil moisture state variable. Their work was based on SDP, but had all the limitations of SDP regarding the curse of dimensionality. Against this background, a model for the derivation of real-time optimal operating policy for a reservoir under a multiple crop scenario is proposed in the present study. The primary issue is that the reservoir gets inflows during the wet season (monsoon season) and is operated for irrigation in the dry season (non-monsoon season). The reservoir storage and the soil moisture level are considered to be the principal state variables, and the irrigation depths are the decision variables. An optimal allocation model is embedded in the integrated model to evaluate the irrigation water depth supplied to different crops whenever a competition for water exists amongst various crops. The model also serves as an irrigation-scheduling model because it specifies the amount of irrigation for any given fortnight. The impact on crop yield due to water deficits and the effect of soil moisture dynamics on crop water requirements are taken into account. Moreover, a root growth model is adopted to consider the effects of varying root depths on moisture transfer. The only stochastic element in the season is the evapotranspiration. The handling of stochasticity has been accomplished through dependability based forecasting in an ISO model. The rest of the variables, such as soil moisture status and the reservoir storage status, at the beginning of any period are considered to be state variables. The basic formulation is based on a LP model and is later transformed into a GA framework. 2. The Model Formulation and Concept The real-time operation model proposed in the present study integrates the reservoir level and a field level decision (Figure 3). It considers the soil-moisture status and the reservoir storage as the state variables and the applied irrigation depths as decision variables. The formulation is based on the conceptual model for soil moisture accounting and the reservoir storage continuity relationships. A major emphasis is laid on maintaining soil moisture in a state such that the evapotranspiration from the crops takes place at a rate that achieves better results in the form of increased yields from the crops. To assess the timing of irrigation water application, the soil moisture status of the crop is an important parameter. Whenever the soil moisture status approaches a critical limit, irrigation is applied. Thus, the soil moisture status is monitored either by physical measurement or through soil moisture models. Soil moisture models are more popular since they do not require a lot of instrumentation to be installed in the field. Soil moisture models can be formulated either by a physical approach (Fedders et al. , 1978) or a conceptual approach (Rao, 1987). The conceptual approach has been used by Rao et al. (1988), Rao et al. (1990) and 2 14th MANCO Hajilal et al. (1998) for the problem of irrigation scheduling. Vedula and Mujumdar (1992) utilised the conceptual model in their study. The same concept is adopted in the present study. Figure 3 Flow chart of real-time operation of reservoir 3 14 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak 3. The Conceptual Model In the conceptual model for the Crop-Soil-Water-Atmosphere (CSWA) system, the basic assumption is that the soil acts as a reservoir, the main inputs to the reservoir are rainfall irrigation, and the main outputs are evapotranspiration, percolation and drainage. The extent of the reservoir is considered to be up to the effective root zone at the particular time. The soil water reservoir is governed by a continuity equation: ? ik +1 ED ik +1 ? ? ik ED ik ? IRR ik + AET i k = RF k (1) The conceptual model stated by Eq. 1 is used to compute the irrigation to be applied for the LP model with area as a decision variable. The following parameters are important for the conceptual model. Figure 1 shows the sketch for the conceptual reservoir. In the context of the conceptual model two parameters are important: IRRk RFk AETk EDk ?k Figure 1 Conceptual model Variation of Evapotranspiration with the Available Soil Moisture Evapotranspiration as a function of the available soil moisture is expressed as: k AETi k = PETi k if aai ? Zww (2) or AETi k = k aai PETi k Zww where AETi k (3) is the actual evapotranspiration that has occurred from crop i in fortnight k (mm), PETi k is the potential evapotranspiration in a particular geographical location (mm), Zww is the critical available moisture limit (mm/cm) = (Zf? Zw) d, Zf is the field capacity for the soil (mm/cm), Zw is the permanent wilting k point for the soil (mm/cm), d is the depletion factor and assumed to be 0. 5 in the present study, and a ai is the average available soil moisture over a fortnight (mm/cm). The average available soil moisture over a fortnight is given by ik + aik +1 a= 2. 0 k ai where otherwise aik = ? ik ? Zw if aik Zww aik = Zww k +1 A similar expression can be used for ai . 4 14th MANCO Root Zone Depth Growth The root depth data in relation to the time stages are prepared according to the Linear Root Growth Model (adopted by Narulkar, 1995). The model assumes that maximum root depth is achieved at the start of the yield formation stage. It remains at the maximum depth until the maturity stage. A minimum depth of 15 cm is considered in the first fortnight to account for the conditions of bare soil and an area with sparse crops. The root depth model is shown in Figure 2. Life span of group Growth stages of group V F G Root Depth Max. Depth Figure 2 Root Depth growth model Relative Yield Ratio The yield of a crop is affected by water deficits and the rate of evapotranspiration. The rate of evapotranspiration tends to decrease depending on the available moisture content. There are many methods to model the phenomenon. However, the model used in the present study is the most commonly-adopted model. The relative yields are computed on the basis of the expression given by Doorenbos and Kassam (1979) Yai AETi k ? k? = 1 ? Ky ? 1 ? ? PET k ? ? Ymi i? ? (4) Equation (4) gives a yield ratio for a single period only. However, the aggregate effect of moisture deficits over all fortnights of crop growth is also evaluated. The final yield ratios computed for the crop during various time periods of a season is computed by a multiplicative model (Rao et al. , 1990). The determination of the yield ratio is very important since they reflect the operation policy for an irrigation system. The expression is given by ? AETi k Yai ncr ? = ? ?1 ? Ky k ? 1 ? ? PET k ? Ymi i =1 ? i ? (5) Water Requirements of the Crops The model derived for an optimal crop pattern uses predetermined irrigation demands. On the basis of this, the optimisation model selects an appropriate area for an individual crop. The irrigation demands are determined using the conceptual model stated in Eq. 1. The irrigation requirements may be calculated by substituting a value of critical soil moisture content instead of soil moisture in either of the fortnights k and k+1 and replacing the values of actual evapotranspiration by potential evapotranspiration and rearranging the terms of Eq. : ( ) IRRik = ? cr EDik +1 ? EDik + PETi k (6) 5 14 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak where ? cr is the critical soil moisture content below which the actual evapotranspiration may fall below the potential rate. 4. Integrated LP Formulation In the objective function, the weighted sum of all the actual evapotranspiration values is maximised. The weights are assigned according to the yield response factors for ind ividual crops in individual periods. The objective is to maximise the actual evpotranspiration rate to minimise the deficits in the yields. The available soil moisture in any time period in the objective function is indirectly maximised: ncr np ? a k + aik +1 ? Ky k MaxZ = ? ? ? i ? 2. 0 ? Zww i =1 k =1 ? (7) subject to the following constraints: 1. Soil moisture continuity ? aik + aik +1 ? PET = RF k ? 2. 0 ? Zww ? ? ik +1 EDik +1 ? ? ik EDik ? IRRik + ? (8) ? ik +1 ? aik +1 ? bik +1 = ZW (9) where with physical bounds ? ik +1 ? 4. 0 a 2. k +1 i (10) ? 0. 9 (11) Reservoir continuity ncr A k S k +1 ? B k S k + ? i =1 S k +1 ? 31. 1 5. IRRik * AREAik = ? ID ? Ao RE k Eff (Maximum Reservoir Capacity M m3) (12) (13) Crop Simulation Model The optimisation model presented above yields some irrigation depth values that are based on forecasted values for the reference evapotranspiration. This reference evapotranspiration, in turn, is based on a dependability model. However, the actual evapotranspiration value differs from these values, and thus, before going into the next fortnight, the soil moisture status must be updated with the applied irrigation and actual climatic factors. The formulation for crop simulation is as follows: First compute the final soil moisture with the following relation ? ik = (? ik +1 EDik +1 + IRRik ? Fkcik APET k + ARF k ) / EDik If (14) ? ik +1 3. 1 ?k ? Fkcik +1 APET k +1 Fkcik +1 APET k +1 ZW + ARF k +1 ? ? i EDik + IRRik +1 ? + ? 2. 0 2. 0 ? EDik +1? ik +1 = ? k +1 k +1 Fkci APET EDik +1 2. 0 ( ) (15) or 6 14th MANCO ? ? ik = ? ik ? 1 ? EDik ? 1 ? ? Fkcik APET ? Fkcik APET Fkcik APET + Zw + ARF k + IRRik ? ? EDik ? 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 ? (16) or ? k ? 1 ? k ? 1 Fkcik APET ? Fkcik APET Fkcik APET ? k k ? ? = i ? EDi ? Zw? ? ? EDi ? ? + IRRi + ? ? 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 ? ? ? ? k i (17) The computed soil moisture status of the crops is used in the next fortnight to compute the demand. . Stochastic Analysis of Evapotranspiration It was previously stated that the data regarding the climatic factors is uncertain in nature and the determination of these factors beforehand is impossible. However, there is a general trend to assume the expected values for these factors and carry out the operation. The concept does not give a clear picture of the actual scenario and the appropriate weights f or the individual growth stage of the crops are not assigned. The present study proposes a different method of forecasting the expected values for the climatic factors. The method of analysis starts with the computations of dependability values of reference evapotranspiration factors from the available data. The dependability of realisation of any stochastic variable is defined as the probability of equalling or exceeding that variable with a particular value. Mathematically, P(x ? X ) (18) where P (. ) is the probability and x is the variable under consideration and X is a stipulated value of the variable. A traditional method of estimation of the dependability value is the use of standard frequency formulae (e. . Wiebull’s formula or Hazen’s formula). In the present study, a detailed probability analysis for the data is performed. The data is fitted to a standard probability distribution and the best fitting distribution is tested through the Kolmogorov Smirnov Test (Haan, 1977). Once the values corresponding to different dependabilities are evaluated, dependability values for reference evapotranspiration are assumed to be different in different growth stages. The analysis is performed on the basis of the yield response factor. A high yield response factor signifies greater sensitivity towards the deficits, and thus, a higher level of dependability is assumed for the evapotranspiration data and a lower level of dependability is assumed for the rainfall data. This will ensure a higher value of irrigation required for the crop in the sensitive period. As a result, the crop will be safeguarded against any poor moisture content conditions. 7. LP Model Formulation for Optimal Cropping Pattern At the start of each dry season, depending on the storage volume in the reservoir, the crop pattern must be determined. To evaluate the crop pattern, another LP model is used. In this model, irrigation depths are calculated from Eq. (6). The formulation is as follows: The objective function is MaxZ = C1 X1+ C2 X2+ C3 X3 (19) which is subject to the following constraints: 1. Total available area X1+X2+X3? A (20) where X1, X2, and X3 are the decision variables related to the area of individual crops;C1, C2, and C3 are the cost coefficient for each crop in Indian Rupees (1 US $ = 50 INR); and A is the maximum area available for irrigation. 2. Area of each individual crop: 7 14 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak The area under each crop is required to be constrained; thus, there are lower and upper bounds on the area under each crop. The lower bounds indicate the minimum area that can be allocated to a crop, while the upper bound indicates the maximum. In the present study, the lower bounds were defined for all the crops except cash crops, while the upper bounds were defined considering the present cropping pattern. The constraints can be expressed as Li? Xi? Mi (21) here Li corresponds to the lower bound of the area for the ith crop and Mi corresponds to the upper bound on the area of the ith crop. 8. Model Application The developed models were applied to the Chiller reservoir system in Madhya Pradesh, India (Latitude 23o23’ N and Longitude 76o18’ E). In the central part of India, many reservoir projects have been constructed for irrigation, but no irrigation is available from these reservoirs during the mon soon period (from June to September). The area receives about 90 to 95 % of its rainfall during the Monsoon season. The rainfall then becomes runoff to the reservoirs. These reservoirs are designed to contain the runoff in the monsoon season, but there is no runoff during non-monsoon months. The present formulations are specially suited for these types of reservoirs. Non-monsoon rainfall is rare and provides little runoff. A systematic data base was prepared for the various physical features of the reservoirs, including the meteorological and hydrological data such as evapotransiration, details of crops in the command area, details of net returns from individual crops and soil properties collected from the College of Agriculture, Indore, India. . Results and Discussion Optimum Crop Pattern A separate computer program was run before the real time operation program to determine the optimum crop pattern for all possible storage values. The results of the optimum crop pattern are stated in Table 1. The results indicate that from a storage level of 31. 10 M m3 to a storage level of 26. 06 M m3, the cropping pattern is same as the one that has been adopt ed in the project formulation. However, below a storage level of 26. 06 M m3, the crop pattern changes suddenly, and wheat (ordinary) is not recommended by the model. The area of wheat (hybrid) also gets reduced when the rainfall storage is below this level. However, the area for Gram is full, up to a storage level of 15. 83 M m3. The change in cropping pattern indicates that efficient water usage is maintained. Table 1 Optimum Cropping Pattern for Different Live Storage Values Area (ha) for different crops Live storage (M m3) Wheat (ordinary) Gram Wheat (hybrid) 4. 3230 342. 910 120. 00 8. 2379 427. 580 500. 00 12. 3246 15. 8632 20. 7581 26. 0986 28. 8610 30. 1250 31. 1000 300. 0 300. 0 300. 0 300. 0 1084. 015 1100. 000 1100. 00 1100. 000 1100. 000 1100. 000 1100. 000 500. 00 855. 00 1434. 00 1700. 00 1700. 00 1700. 00 1700. 00 Results from Real-Time Operation Model The real-time operation model gives an optimal operating policy for the available storage in the present fortnight considering the future. The model also yields the values of irrigation to be applied to individual crops in the fields. In the wake of deficient water supplies, the model distributes the available water over the time for different crops optimally. The sample results of the present model are stated in Table 2. The available moisture to the crops is not affected, and generally the soil remains at the upper limit of the available soil-moisture. This 8 14th MANCO is because the crop pattern is predicted according to the availability of the storage in the reservoir. The results are indicative of successful application of the real-time operation strategy proposed in the present work. Table 2 Sample Results Showing the Soil Moisture, Available Soil Moisture, Storage, and Irrigation to be applied for Different Crops for a Real-Time Reservoir Operation Model (LP) Live Storage in the Reservoir 31. 1 M m3 FORTNIGHT PARAMETER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Reservoir Storage (M m3 ) 29. 28 28. 17 26. 30 22. 22 Crop 1) Soil Moisture (mm/cm) 3. 76 3. 89 3. 84 3. 07 2) Available soil Moisture 0. 9 0. 9 0. 9 0. 87 (mm/cm) 3) Applied Irrigation (mm) 53. 62 90. 63 92. 87 36. 04 Crop 1) Soil Moisture (mm/cm 3. 90 3. 07 3. 28 3. 15 2) Available soil Moisture 0. 9 0. 87 0. 9 0. 9 (mm/cm) 3) Applied Irrigation (mm) 68. 76 22. 27 60. 67 41. 59 Crop 1) Soil Moisture (mm/cm 4. 00 2) Available soil Moisture 0. 9 (mm/cm) 3) Applied Irrigation (mm) 94. 21 19. 68 14. 64 10. 87 Wheat (ordinary) 3. 54 3. 30 3. 22 0. 9 . 9 0. 9 5. 62 4. 24 3. 63 3. 60 3. 17 0. 9 4. 0 0. 9 -. 163. 9 8. 44 23. 02 GRAM 3. 28 3. 66 0. 9 0. 9 19. 94 102. 6 3. 23 0. 9 3. 47 0. 9 37. 64 53. 15 Wheat (hybrid) 3. 06 3. 48 3. 32 0. 86 0. 9 0. 9 0. 00 33. 17 3. 28 0. 9 3. 38 0. 9 3. 18 0. 9 3. 19 0. 9 37. 19 162. 9 0. 00 36. 09 0. 0 3. 4 0. 9 26. 96 127. 9 78. 89 Relative Yield Ratios Relative yield ratios computed for different crops at different live storage values are shown in Table 3. The relative yield ratios for all the crops become one if live storage in the reservoir is equal to or greater than 28. 9 M m3. The GA model is found to be better for application in real world operation of the reservoir. Table 3 Relative Yield Ratio for Different Live Storage Values Computed With a Real-Time Reservoir Operation Model Relative yield ratio for Live different crops storage LP (M m3 ) Wheat Gram Wheat (hybrid) (ordinary) 4. 3230 0. 9677 1. 000 8. 2362 0. 9083 1. 000 12. 3246 0. 9576 1. 000 0. 989 1. 000 20. 7581 26. 0986 1. 000 0. 987 0. 987 0. 911 0. 952 28. 8610 1. 000 0. 987 1. 000 30. 1250 31. 1000 10. 15. 8632 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 Conclusion A real-time model using an integrated Linear Programming Model for a reservoir system meant for irrigation has been developed in the present study to obtain an optimal reservoir operating policy that incorporates field level decisions, while also deciding the appropriate time and amount of water to release from the reservoir. 9 14 15 February 2009 Kuching, Sarawak From the analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: The developed model can be successfully applied to irrigation supporting reservoir systems. Furthermore, the models ensure an optimum reservoir release over different time periods. In addition, they also ensure optimum allocation of the available water over the different crops in the fields. While allocating the water to different crops in the fields, the model takes into account the critical growth stages of the crops and allocates sufficient water to each crop to safeguard it against any ill effects of water deficits. The optimum crop pattern model used in the study will only allow productive irrigation, so the amount of wasted water is reduced. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express sincere thanks to Universiti Sains Malaysia for the financial support of this work. Nomenclature AETi k k Actual evapotranspiration in period k from crop i (mm) APET ARFk Ak and BK Ao d Actually occurring potential evapotranspiration in period k (mm) Actual rainfall value in the fortnight k Constants relating the storage to reservoir evaporation Area of spread at dead storage level Depletion factor EDik Effective root zone depth of a crop i in period k (cm) k +1 i ED Effective root zone depth of a crop i in period k+1 (cm) Eff Fkcik ID Overall efficiency Crop evapotranspiration coefficient Industrial supply from the reservoir (mandatory release) IRRik Irrigation applied to crop i in stage k (mm) k Ky Yield response factors for a crop i in period k PETi k RE RF k Potential evapotranspiration in a particular geographical location (mm) Rate of evaporation in fortnight k k Sk Sk+1 Zf Zw Zww Rainfall in period k (mm) Reservoir storage at the beginning of period k Reservoir storage at the end of period k Field capacity for the soil (mm/cm) Permanent wilting point for the soil (mm/cm) Critical available moisture limit (mm/cm) ? ik ? ik +1 Final soil moisture in a particular time stage k for a particular crop i (mm/cm) Yai Ymi Actual crop yield Maximum crop yield Initial soil moisture in the time stage k in for a crop i (mm/cm) 10 14th MANCO References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 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